vajravārāhī

Vajravarahi

Laie Adamantine

Vajravārāhī

Female yidam deity, usually depicted with a sow's head protruding from the crown of her head. She is the Sambhogakaya form of Samantabhadri. [LLB, 2002]

vajrakīlaya

Vajrakila

Vajrakīlaya

Vajrakila, Vajrakilaya

The principal yidam of the Nyingma school. Vajrakila or Vajrakilaya is a wrathful manifestion of Vajrasattva. [LLB 2002]

mādhyamika

madhyamika, Mādhyamikas

Voie médiane, Mâdhyamika, madhyamaka

mādhyamika, proponente da Madhyamaka

mādhyamika

mādhyamika

The followers of Nāgārjuna who adhere to the Madhyamaka, the Middle Way that avoids the extremes of existence and nonexistence. [OMS, 2018][NS]

upa­lambha, upalabdhi, ā­lambana, ālambana

concept or conceptual reference

objet de concentration / référence*, observation*, techniques de concentration*, Référence conceptuelle

foco conceptual, conceito, apreensão conceptual, referência conceptual, visualização

Concetti o riferimenti concettuali

Any notion of a subject, an object and an action. [WOMPT, 1998]

buddha

buddha

bouddha

buda, buddha

buddha

buda, buddha

budda

"One who has dispelled (sangs) the darkness of the two obscurations and developed (rgyas) the two kinds of omniscience (knowing the nature of phenomena and knowing the multiplicity of phenomena)." DICT. [WOMPT, 1998][OMS, 2018][NS] The Fully Awakened One, a being who has removed the emotional and cognitive veils and is endowed with all enlightened qualities of realization. [TPQ, 2010] [CMH, 2001] One who has dispelled (Tib. sangs) the darkness of the two obscurations and developed (Tib. rgyas) the two kinds of omniscience (knowing the nature of phenomena and knowing the multiplicity of phenomena). [TLWF, 2011] One who has awoken from the deep sleep of ignorance and whose mind has blossomed with the knowledge of all things. According to the Mahayana perspective, there are innumerable Buddhas, the historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, being a single example. . [LLB, 2002] One who has removed the two veils (the veil of afflictive emotions, which is the cause of suffering, and the veil of ignorance, which is the obstacle to omniscience) and who has brought to perfection the two sorts of knowledge (of the ultimate and relative nature of phenomena). [TEPTE,1996]

bodhisattva

bodhisattva

bodhisattva, être d'Éveil*

bodhisattva

bodhisattva

bodhisattva

1. a being who has decided to bring all beings to enlightenment and is practising the bodhisattva path. 2. a sublime Bodhisattva who has attained one of the ten bodhisattva levels. One who through compassion strives to attain the full enlightenment of buddhahood for the sake of all beings. Bodhisattvas may be "ordinary" or "noble" depending on whether they have attained the path of seeing and are residing on one of the ten bodhisattva grounds. [TPQ, 2010] A follower of the Great Vehicle whose aim is enlightenment for all beings. [TLWF, 2011] [NLF, 2005] [ZT, 2006] One who through compassion strives to attain the full enlightenment of Buddhahood for the sake of all beings. Bodhisattvas may be "ordinary" or "noble" (sometimes referred to as mundane and transmundane respectively), depending on whether they have attained the Mahayana Path of Seeing and are residing on one of the ten Bodhisattva grounds. [LLB, 2002] [CMH, 2001] A practitioner on the path to Buddhahood, training in the practice of compassion and the six transcendent perfections, who has vowed to attain enlightenment for the sake of all beings. The Tibetan translation of this term means literally a "hero of the enlightened mind." [TEPTE, 1996] A follower of the Great Vehicle whose aim is perfect enlightenment for all beings. One who has taken the vow of bodhicitta and practices the six transcendent perfections.[OMS, 2018][NS]

bodhicitta

bodhicitta, mind of enlightenment, mind turned toward enlightenment, thought of enlightenment, enlightened mind, altruistic mind

esprit d'Éveil, bodhicitta*, Pensée de l'éveil

bodhicitta, mente da iluminação, mente do despertar

bodhicitta, (luminoso) animo del risveglio, mente illuminata,

bodhicitta, mente de la iluminación

On the relative level, it is the wish to attain buddhahood for the sake of all beings, as well as the practice of the path of love, compassion, the six transcendent perfections, etc., necessary for achieving that goal. On the absolute level, it is the direct insight into the ultimate nature. On the relative level, this is the wish to attain buddhahood for the sake of all sentient beings, together with the practice necessary to accomplish this. On the absolute level, it is non-dual wisdom, the ultimate nature of the mind and the true status of all phenomena. In certain tantric contexts, bodhichitta refers to the essential physical substance which is the support of the mind. [TPQ, 2010] [LLB, 2002] [CMH, 2001] Lit. “the mind of enlightenment”: on the relative level, it is the wish to attain Buddhahood for the sake of all beings, as well as the practice of the path of love, compassion, the six transcendent perfections, etc. necessary for achieving that goal; on the absolute level, it is the direct insight into the ultimate nature. [ZT, 2006] The mind of enlightenment. This is a key word in the Mahayana. On the relative level, it is the wish to attain Buddhahood for the sake of all beings, as well as the practice necessary to do this. On the absolute level, it is the direct insight into the ultimate nature of self and phenomena. [TPTE, 1996] The bodhisattva’s spiritual intent, the mind set on perfect enlightenment. On the relative level, it is the wish to attain buddhahood for the sake of all beings, as well as the practice of the path of love, compassion, the six transcendent perfections, and so forth, necessary for achieving that goal; on the ultimate level, it is the direct insight into the ultimate nature. [OMS, 2018] The mind set on enlightenment. On the relative level, it is the wish to attain buddhahood for the sake of all beings, as well as the practice of the path of love, compassion, the six transcendent perfections, and so forth necessary for achieving that goal; on the ultimate level, it is the direct insight into the ultimate nature.[NS]

atiśa, atīśa dīpaṁkara

Atīśa, Atīśa Dīpaṁkara, Jowo Atīśa

Atīśa (Jowo, Dīpaṁkara)

Atīśa, Atiśa Dīpaṁkara, Jowo Atīśa

Atīśa, Atīśa Dīpaṁkara, Jowo Atīśa

Atīśa, Atīśa Dīpaṁkara, Jowo Atīśa

Also known as Dīpaṁkara or Jowo Atīśa (jo bo a ti sha). This great Indian master and scholar, one of the main teachers at the famous university of Vikramaśīla, was a strict follower of the monastic rule. He received the bodhicitta teachings from many important masters, and in particular from the Lord of Suvarṇadvīpa (Dharmakīrti), under whom he studied in Indonesia. He spent the last ten years of his life in Tibet, teaching and taking part in the translation of Buddhist texts. His disciples founded the Kadampa school. [...] Also known as Dipamkarashrijnana (982-1054), abbot of the Indian monastic university of Vikramaśīla. Philosophically, he is considered to be Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka in the school of Candrakīrti, although he also upheld the teachings of the Yogācāra Madhyamaka. He came to Tibet at the invitation of the king Yeshe O to restore the Buddhadharma after its persecution by Langdarma. He introduced there the Mind Training teachings (blo 'byongs), which he received from his teacher Suvarṇadvīpa Dharmakini and which are a synthesis of the bodhichitta traditions of Nāgārjuna and Asaṅga. He was also a master of the tantra teachings. His main disciple and successor was the upāsaka Dromtön ('brom ston), who founded the Kadampa school and built the monastery of Reting (rwa sgreng). Atīśa died at Nyethang in Tibet in 1054· [TPQ, 1998] The great Indian master and scholar Dipamkara (982–1054), who spent the last ten years of his life in Tibet propagating the teachings on refuge and bodhichitta and contributing to the translation of Buddhist texts. His disciples founded the Kadampa school, which emphasized the teachings on the mind training. [TLWF, 2011] Also known as Dipamkara or Jowo Atisha (jo bo a ti sha): this great Indian master and scholar, one of the main teachers at the famous university of Vikramashila, was a strict follower of the monastic rule. Although he was an accomplished master of the tantras, the last ten years of his life that he spent in Tibet were mainly devoted to propagating the teachings on refuge and bodhichitta, and to contributing to the translation of Buddhist texts. His disciples founded the Kadampa School. [ZT, 2006] 982–1054. The great Indian master and scholar Dīpaṃkara-shrī-jñāna, who spent the last ten years of his life in Tibet, propagating the teachings on refuge and bodhichitta and contributing to the translation of Buddhist texts. His disciples founded the Kadampa school, which emphasized the teachings on mind training.[NS]

atiśa

Jowo Je

Atîsha

Jowo Je

Lett. signore, maestro, venerabile. Epiteto del pandita indiano Atīśa.

Epithet by which Atiśa Dīpaṁkara was known in Tibet.

asaṅga

Asaṅga

Asanga

Asaṅga

Asaṅga

Asaṅga

(4th century) One of the Six Ornaments, founder of the Yogachara school and author of many important śāstras, in particular the five teachings he received from Maitreya. [WOMPT, 1998] c. 350 C.E., a major figure in Mahāyāna Buddhism; the cofounder, with his brother Vasubandhu, of the Yogachara philosophy. According to tradition, he received from the Bodhisattva Maitreya the famous Five Teachings (byams pa'i chos lnga) in which the views of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra are both expounded. He is the source of the Mahāyāna lineage of Vast Activities (rgya chen spyod pa), which complements the lineage of the Profound View (zab mo'i lta ba) stemming from Nāgārjuna and Mañjuśrī. [TPQ, 2010] “Unimpeded.” The great fourth-century Indian master and father of the vast activity tradition whose disciples established the Chittamātra, or Mind-Only school, of Mahāyāna Buddhism. His writings include the five great treatises that he received from Maitreya. [TLWF, 2011][NS] (fourth century). The founder of the Yogachara School and author of many important treatises, in particular the five teachings he received from Maitreya. [ZT, 2006]

arhat

arhat, foe destroyer, worthy one

arhat, celui qui a vaincu les ennemis (que sont les émotions négatives)

arhat

arhat

arhat, destructor de los enemigos, venerable

To become an arhat is the final goal of the Śrāvakayāna. It is a kind of nirvāṇa, beyond rebirth, but falls short of Buddhahood. The Tibetan word literally means one who has subdued the enemies, i.e. negative emotions. [WOMPT, 1998] lit. "Foe Destroyer." One who has vanquished the enemies of afflictive emotion and realized the nonexistence of the personal self, and who is thus forever free from the sufferings of saṃsāra. Arhatship is the goal of the teachings of the Root Vehicle, the Śrāvakayāna or Hīnayāna. Etymologically, the Sanskrit term can also be interpreted as "worthy one." [TPQ, 2010] lit. “one who has vanquished the enemy” (the enemy being afflictive emotions). A practitioner of the Basic Vehicle (that is, a Listener or Solitary Realizer) who has attained the cessation of suffering, i.e., nirvana, but not the Perfect Buddhahood of the Great Vehicle. [TLWF, 2011][OMS, 2018][NS] Lit. “one who has vanquished the enemy” (the enemy being afflictive emotions): a practitioner of the Basic or Fundamental Vehicle who has attained the cessation of suffering, i.e., nirvana, but not the Perfect Buddhahood of the Great Vehicle. [NLF, 2005] [ZT, 2006] lit. Foe-Destroyer. One who has vanquished the enemies of afflictive emotion and is thus definitively liberated from the sufferings of samsara. Arhatship is the goal of the teachings of the root vehicle, the Shravakayana. [LLB, 2002] The enemies referred to are the kleshas or afflictive emotions, which are vanquished through the practice of the teachings of the root vehicle or Shravakayana/Hinayana. Arhats achieve liberation from the sufferings of samsara, but because their realization of emptiness is not perfect, they are unable to remove the subtle veils of attachment to phenomenal reality, which are the obstacles to omniscience. They have yet to enter the Mahayana in order to progress towards the supreme goal of Buddhahood. [TEPTE, 1996]

pratibhāsa, ābhāsa, āloka; jyotis. nirbhāsa. saṃ-/dṛś: saṃdṛśyate. ābhāsatā. /khyā: khyāti. /dṛś: dṛśyate

light, perception, experience, vision

apparence*, perception, manifestation, ressenti, lumière*, lampe, phénomènes, visions*

perceção, percepção, aparência, experiência, visão

apparenze, percezioni, manifestazioni, luce,

experiencia, visión, percepción, percepción visual, apariencia

When it refers to "perception": That which appears in the eyes of each individual according to his or her tendencies or spiritual development. NT, quoting Patrul Rinpoche, speaks of three types of perception: 1) deluded perceptions, which arise in the consciousness of the beings of the six realms due to misunderstanding; they are called the impure deluded perceptions of the universe and beings. 2) the perceptions of interdependence (rten 'brel), magical illusions (sgyu ma), corresponding to the eight similes of illusion which one does not apprehend as real (see page 252); these are the perceptions of the bodhisattvas of the ten levels in their post-meditation state (rjes thob). 3) the authentic, perfect, perceptions of wisdom; when one has realized the natural state of everything, the beings and the universe appear as the display of the kāyas and wisdoms. [WOMPT, 1998] The things that appear to us, that we perceive. [ZT, 2006]

skandha

Aggregates, skandhas, "heap"

agrégat*, agrégats*

skandha, agregado

skandha, agregado, montón

The five skandhas are the component elements of form, feeling, perception, conditioning factors, and consciousness. They are the elements into which the person may be analyzed without residue. When they appear together, the illusion of self is produced in the ignorant mind. [TPQ, 2010] These are the five psychophysical constituents of the individual person: form, feelings, perceptions, conditioning factors, and consciousness [IMW, 2004] See five aggregates. [ZT, 2006][OMS, 2018] The five constituents, one physical and four mental, found when, in the search for the self, the human “person” is subjected to analytical investigation. They are the material form or body, feelings, perceptions, conditioning factors, and consciousness. The coming together of these aggregates gives rise to the impression of “I.” [WL, 2012]

ālayavijñāna , ālaya

all-ground consciousness, foundational-consciousness, ground-of-all, basis of all, ground consciousness

base universelle, conscience fondamentale*, conscience du fond universel*, fondement universel*, Alaya, Conscience de tréfonds, fond universel

consciência de base, ālayavijñāna, ālaya, base-de-tudo

Base di Tutto o Coscienza Base di Tutto

ālaya, base de todo

Abridged form of "kun gzhi rnam par shes pa", the ground consciousness in which the habitual tendencies are stored. It is the basis for the other consciousnesses. Occasionally, in certain teachings, kun gzhi is used for the original nature, the primordial purity (ka dag). [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006] [When we speak of the “ground-of-all,” it can refer to two things. One is the support of all the afflictive emotions and of the imprints of our actions. This is the deluded ground-of-all, which we have to be rid of. The other ground-of-all is the primordial ground from which both samsara and nirvana arise.][ZT, 2006, translator's notes] lit. the ground-of-alI. According to the Mahāyāna, this is the fundamental and indeterminate level of the mind, in which karmic imprints are stored. [TPQ, 2010] [CMH, 2001] According to the Chittamatra school, this is the fundamental level of the mind, in which karmic imprints are stored. [IMW, 2004] The ground consciousness that is basis for the other consciousnesses and in which the habitual tendencies are stored. [OMS, 2018][NS]

non doversi più occupare

savicāra bhāvana, vicāra bhāvanā

analytic meditation, investigative meditation

analytique (méditation)*, méditation analytique

meditação analítica

meditazione analitica

moha

bewilderment, confusion, stupidity, ignorance

ignorance, confusion*, aveuglement*, Stupidité

confusão, estupidez, ignorância grosseira

incapacità di discernere, inganno, stupidità, confusione,

avīci

Torment Unsurpassed, Hell of Ultimate Torment, Hell of Torment Unsurpassed

tourments insurpassables (enfer des ~), Avíci

Inferno do Tormento Último, Inferno dos Tormentos Incessantes, Inferno Avīci

inferno dell'ultimo tormento

Infierno del Máximo Tormento

The lowest of the hot hells, according to Buddhist teaching, characterized by the most intense and protracted form of suffering. [TPQ, 2010] [LLB, 2002] The Sanskrit name of the Hell of Torment Unsurpassed. See Torment Unsurpassed. / The most terrible of the hells, also called the Hell of Ultimate Torment [NLF, 2005] [ZT, 2006] The hell in which the very worst suffering is experienced, for incalculable periods of time. [OMS, 2018]

kalyāṇamitra

spiritual friend

maître spirituel, ami de bien, ami spirituel*, ami dans le bien, l'ami qui montre la voie du bien

amigo/a virtuoso/a, amigo/a espiritual, mestre, mestre espiritual, guia.

amico del bene, guida spirituale,

amigo espiritual

A synonym for spiritual teacher. [WOMPT, 1998] [TLWF 2011] [ZT 2006] A spiritual guide or teacher. [OMS, 2018] [NS]

samādhi

samādhi, absorption, concentration, contemplation

recueillement*, absorption méditative (voir glossaire d'énumérations), concentration profonde*, absorptions*, concentration, stabilisation méditative*, samadhi, recueillement (profond) – de concentration / d'extase

samādhi (o)

samādhi, raccoglimento meditativo, meditazione profonda, lucido raccoglimento meditativo, lucidità della meditazione profonda

samādhi, absorción meditativa

samāpatti

égalisation méditative*, parfait équilibre*, Absorption méditative, absorption

equanimidade meditativa, absorção meditativa

assorbimento meditativo, assorbimento

bhadrakalpa

good kalpa, fortunate kalpa

Bonne Ère

kalpa afortunado, bom kalpa

Buon Kalpa

Kalpa Favorable

The present kalpa, called good because it is a kalpa in which one thousand Buddhas appear. [WOMPT 1998] The name of the present kalpa, so called because a thousand universal Buddhas will appear in the course of it. The Buddha Shakyamuni is the fourth in the series [WL 2012]

kalpa

kalpa, eon, age

kalpa, ère, ère cosmique [« éon » ]

éon, era, kalpa

kalpa

kalpa

A great kalpa, which corresponds to a cycle of formation and destruction of a universe, is divided into eighty intermediate kalpas. An intermediate kalpa is composed of one small kalpa during which the span of life, etc., increases and one small kalpa during which it decreases. A unit of time (of inconceivable length) used in Buddhist cosmology to describe the cycles of formation and destruction of a universe, and the ages of increase and decrease within them. [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006][OMS, 2018][NS] A great kalpa is the time period corresponding to a cycle of formation, duration, destruction, and vacuity of a universe (each of these four phases comprising twenty intermediate kalpas). There is also a so-called measureless kalpa (grangs mta bskal pa), which, despite its name, does not refer to an infinite lapse of time but to a specific period defined in the Abhidharma as consisting of ten kalpas. The present (great) kalpa is usually referred to as the Good or Fortunate Kalpa on account of the fact that a thousand universal Buddhas will appear in the course of it. The Buddha Śākyamuni is the fourth in the series. [TPQ, 2010] [CMH 2001] A time sequence comprising the four phases of formation, duration, and dissolution of a universal system, together with the period of voidness preceding the formation of the subsequent system. [LLB, 2002] Term given to immense periods of time as conceived in the traditional cosmology of India. A great kalpa, which corresponds to the period of formation, duration, disappearance and absence of a universal system, comprises eighty small kalpas. An intermediary kalpa consists of two small kalpas taken together, in the first of which the duration of life increases, while in the second it decreases. [TEPTE, 1996] A time period corresponding to a cycle of formation, duration, and destruction of a universe, followed by a period of voidness, according to the cosmology of ancient India. [WL 2012]

dve āvaraṇe

two obscurations, two veils

deux voiles

dois obscurecimentos ou véus

due oscuramenti o veli

dos oscurecimientos

Obscurations related to defilements, or defilement-related obscurations (nyon sgrib), and those that obscure knowledge, or cognitive obscurations (shes sgrib). [OMS, 2018] (1) Emotional obscurations (nyon sgrib) such as the afflictions of attachment and anger and (2) cognitive obscuration (shes sgrib), that is, dualistic conceptual thinking, which prevents omniscience. These two obscurations are like veils that cover the ultimate nature of the mind and phenomena. They are also respectively referred to as attachment and impediment (chags thogs). [TPQ, 2010] The obscurations of afflictive emotions and conceptual obscurations. See also obscurations. [WOMPT, 1998] [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006][NS]

tradition of the profound view

tradition de la Vue profonde

tradição da Visão Profunda

The sutras of the second turning of the Dharma wheel, setting forth the profound view of emptiness, were compiled by Mañjuśrī and commented upon by Nāgārjuna. In his six treatises on reasoning, the latter established that all phenomena are empty by their nature (rang stong), and in his Stotras and so on (commenting upon the meaning of the sutras of the third turning of the wheel), he spoke of "emptiness of other" (gzhan stong), namely, that the ultimate nature of the mind is empty of adventitious stains and endowed with inalienable qualities. Nāgārjuna is the founder of the tradition of the Profound View. This was subsequently upheld and commented upon by Aryadeva, Buddhapalita, Bhāvaviveka, and Candrakīrti, while masters such as Śāntideva and Jetari propagated the practice of bodhichitta according to the same tradition. With regard to the ritual for taking the bodhichitta vow and its ensuing practice, the Nyingmapas mostly follow the tradition of Nāgārjuna . With regard to their view, however, they follow both the tradition of the Profound View and the tradition of Vast Activities taught by Asaṅga. [TPQ, 2010]

śāntideva

Śāntideva

Śāntideva, Shântideva

Śāntideva

Śāntideva

Śāntideva

(7th century), the great Indian poet and mahāsiddha, who astounded the monks of his monastery of Nālandā with his famous poem on the practice of bodhicitta, the Bodhicaryāvatāra (spyod 'jug), or The Way of the Bodhisattva. [WOMPT, 1998] (flourished in the first half of the eighth century C.E.) A member of Nālandā University and the celebrated author of the Bodhicaryāvatāra . He upheld the view of the Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka in the tradition of Candrakīrti. [IMW, 2004] The great 7th century Indian poet and mahasiddha (great accomplished being), author of the famous poem on the practice of bodhichitta, The Way of the Bodhisattva (Bodhicaryāvatāra . [TLWF, 2011][NS] A member of Nālanda university and the celebrated author of the Bodhicaryāvatāra (The Way of the Bodhisattva). He upheld the view of the Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka in the tradition of Candrakīrti. Śāntideva was also the author of the Śikṣāsamuccaya, a compendium of citations on discipline, which forms a valuable collection of texts that have otherwise been lost. [TPQ, 2010]

śākyamuni

Śākyamuni Buddha, King of the Śākyas

Shakyamuni, Śākyamuni

Śākyamuni

Śākyamuni, il Buddha

Śākyamuni, Buda

The buddha of our time, who lived around the 5th century B.C. [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006] “Capable One of the Shakyas.” The fourth* of the thousand Buddhas in this Fortunate Kalpa. The Buddha of our time, who lived around the 5th century B.C. [TLWF, 2011][NS] *corrected. Gautama, the historical Buddha of our age, the founder of Buddhism. [LLB, 2002] [CMH, 2001] Śākyamuni, the Buddha of our era.[OMS, 2018] Historical Buddha Gautama, who attained full enlightenment beneath the Bodhi tree in Bodhgaya, circa 500 b.c.e. [TPQ, 2010]

ucchedadṛṣṭi

nihilistic view, nihilism

nihilisme, néant*, annihilation*

niilismo, ponto de vista/visão niilista, aniquilismo

nichilismo

nihilismo

Materialism, the view which denies the existence of past and future lives, the principle of cause and effect, and so on. [WOMPT, 1998] The view that denies the existence of past and future lives, the principle of cause and effect, and so on. One of the extreme views refuted by the proponents of the Middle Way. [TLWF ,2011] [ZT, 2006][NS] The extreme materialist view of considering the experiences of the physical senses as the only reality and which therefore denies the existence of past and future lives, the karmic principle of cause and effect, and so on. [TPQ, 2010]

Kadampa

Kadam

Kadam, Kadampa

Kadampa

Kadampa

The first of the schools of the New Tradition, which followed the teachings of Atisa. It stressed compassion, study and pure discipline. Its teachings were continued by all the other schools, in particular the Gelugpa school. [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006] [NS]

saṃskāra, saṃskāraḥ

formations / facteurs de composition*, application*, attention*, formations karmiques*, remède

formações, volições

tathāgatagarbha

tathāgatagarbha, buddha-nature

nature de bouddha, tathagatagarbha

tathāgatagarbha (a), natureza-búdica, natureza-de-buda.

natura di buddha, tathāgatagarbha,

A synonym of the Buddha-nature present in every single sentient being. [TLWF, 2011] See Sugatagarbha. [TPQ, 2010] The Buddha-nature, the potential for Buddhahood, present in the mind of every sentient being. [TEPTE, 1996]

vidyādhara

vidyādhara, knowledge holder, awareness holder

détenteur de connaissance*, Vidyadhara

vidyādhara, detentor da cognosciência

Vidyādhara

vidyādhara, sostenedor de la conciencia

"One who through profound means holds the deities, mantras, and the wisdom of great bliss." DICT. In the Nyingmapa Tradition there are four levels of vidyādhara: (i) totally matured (rnam smin), (ii) mastering the duration of his life (tshe dbang), (iii) mahamudra (phyag chen), and (iv) spontaneously accomplished (lhun grub). [WOMPT, 1998] Lit. “knowledge holder”: One who through profound means holds the deities, mantras, and the wisdom of great bliss. [ZT, 2006] [TLWF, 2011][NS] lit. awareness holder or knowledge holder. A being of high attainment in the Vajrayāna. According to the Nyingma tradition, there are four levels of Vidyādhara corresponding to the ten (sometimes eleven) levels of realization of the Sūtrayāna. [WL 2012] They are: (1) the Vidyādhara with corporal residue (rnam smin rig 'dzin); (2) the Vidyādhara with power over life (tshe dbang rig 'dzin); (3) the Mahāmudrā Vidyādhara (phyag chen rig 'dzin); and (4) the Vidyādhara of spontaneous presence (lhun grub rig 'dzin). [TPQ, 2010] Lit., Knowledge-Holder. A being of high spiritual attainment. According to the Nyingma tradition, there are four levels of Vidyadhara, corresponding to the ten levels of realization of the Sutrayana and the state of Buddhahood. They are (1) the Vidyadhara with residues, (2) the Vidyadhara with power over life, (3) the Mahamudra Vidyadhara, (4) the Spontaneous Vidyadhara. [LLB, 2002]

trivimokṣadvāra , vimokṣamukhatraya, vimokṣamukha

three doors of perfect liberation, three liberating factors

trois portes de la libération

três portas da libertação completa

A central notion of the Mahāyāna teachings of the second turning of the Dharma wheel. They are a means of approach to ultimate reality through an understanding of three qualities implicit in all phenomena. The three doors are: (1) all phenomena are empty; (2) they are beyond all attributes; and (3) they are beyond all aspiration or expectation. [TPQ, 2010] (I) the nature is empty; (2) the cause is without characteristics; (3) the result is not to be wished for. [GWPT 2004] Emptiness, absence of attributes, and absence of expectancy.[OMS, 2018]

ṛddhi , ṛddhipāda

miraculous power, miraculous ability

pouvoirs de manifestation/ miraculeux*, (pouvoir de) manifestation magique*, miracle*, prodige*, pouvoirs magiques*

poder miraculoso, poder de manifestação mágica

facoltà prodigiose

piṇḍapatra, paṭa­pātra, pātra

alms-bowl, begging bowl

tigela de monge

bhikṣu , bhikṣuni

monk

bhikshu (ssk., m.), bhikshunî (f.)

monge (plenamente ordenado), bhikṣu, bhikṣuni 

Un monaco pienamente ordinato, che ha ricevuto l'ordinazione completa

monje plenamente ordenado, bhikṣu

A fully ordained Buddhist monk. [TPQ, 2010] A fully ordained monk. [NLF, 2005] [GWPT, 2004] [LLB, 2002]

vasubandhuḥ

Vasubandhu

Vasubandhu

Vasubandhu

Vasubandhu

(280-360 C.E.). The only Buddhist master to enjoy equal prestige as an exponent of the Hinayana and the Mahayana. During his Sarvastivadin phase he composed the Abhidharmakoshabhasya, which is the most systematic and complete exposition of the Abhidharma and is one of the summits of Hinayana scholarship. Later in life, through his own inner development and under the influence of his elder brother Asanga, Vasubandhu adopted the Mahayana Yogachara view and composed many works of which the Trimsikavijnaptikarika (Thirty Stanzas on the Mind ) is the most outstanding. [IMW, 2004] (280-360 C.E.). The only ācārya who enjoys equal prestige as an exponent of both the Hīnayāna and the Mahāyāna. During his Sarvastivadin phase he composed the Abhidharmakoshabhasya, which is the most systematic and complete exposition of the Abhidharma and marks the summit of Hīnayāna scholarship. Later in life, through his own inner development and under the influence of his elder brother Asanga, Vasubandhu adopted the Mahāyāna Yogācāra view and composed many works of which the Trimsikavijnapti-karika (Thirty Stanzas on the Mind) is the most outstanding. [TPQ, 2010] Asaṅga’s half-brother and disciple, famous in particular for his authorship of the classic text Treasury of Abhidharma (Abhidharmakośa). [OMS, 2018]

śrāmaṇera, śramaṇeraḥ

novice, śrāmaṇera, intermediate ordinee

Novice , shramanera (ssk.)

śrāmaṇera, monge noviço ou monja noviça

novizio

śrāmaṇera, monje novicio o monja novicia

A novice monk holding fewer vows than a fully ordained monk (dge slong, Skt. bhikṣu). [WOMPT, 1998] An intermediate ordination between lay followers who take the four basic vows and fully ordained monks and nuns. Although this level of ordination may serve as a novitiate until the ordinee is ready or old enough to take full ordination, it is incorrect to refer to shramaneras as novices because some shramaneras remain so all their lives without passing to higher ordination. This is the case with most nuns in Tibet, where the lineage for fully ordained nuns has been lost and full female ordination is only possible by taking the bhikshuni vows in another country whose lineage has continued unbroken. [TLWF, 2011][NS] The first stage in the monastic ordination implying the observance of certain precepts. The vows of śrāmaṇera or getsul are sometimes referred to in English as novice vows. This is incorrect. The term "novice" in this context has been mistakenly borrowed from Christian monasticism where it denotes a monk in training prior to profession or the taking of vows. The novitiate is necessarily a temporary condition (usually lasting between one and two years). In Buddhism, by contrast, the śrāmaṇera or getsul ordination embodies a complete monastic grade in itself, and many monks keep this ordination throughout their lives. Moreover, given that the lineage of bhikshuni or gelongma vows has been interrupted (and may never have existed) in Tibet, the vast majority of Tibetan Buddhist nuns are permanent getsulmas. [TPQ, 2010] The first stage in monastic ordination. Shramaneras do not observe all the precepts of fully ordained bhikshus or bhikshunis, but it is incorrect to refer to them as “novices” in that many of them remain shramaneras throughout their lives without necessarily progressing to full ordination. [NLF, 2005] [GWPT, 2004]

śamatha

calm abiding, sustained calm, quiescence, tranquility, Shamatha

calme mental, calme continu*, quiétude, pacification mentale*, śamatha*, pacification stable*

śamatha, paz mental, permanecer em paz, calmo permanecer.

calma mentale (pratica della)

calma mental, śamatha,

The basis of all concentrations. "The distraction of the mind by other objects having been calmed (zhi), the mind stays (gnas) without wavering in concentration." DICT. [WOMPT, 1998] The basis of all concentrations, a calm, undistracted state of unwavering concentration. [TLWF, 2011] [NLF, 2005] [ZT, 2006][OMS, 2018] Essentially a concentration in which the mind remains unmoving on an object of focus. It is a state of calm abiding which though of great importance is itself incapable of overcoming ignorance and the conception of a self. See also Vipaśyanā. [TPQ, 2010] A calm, undistracted state of unwavering concentration, the basis of all concentrations. [NS]

acalā

immuable*, inamovible*

-

inamovibile, immutabile, stabile

égalité*

-

egualità

spontaneous presence, natural presence, spontaneous accomplishment

présence spontanée, spontanément présent *(avec kyis = naturellement), spontané*

presença espontânea**, realização espontânea*, espontaneamente

presenza spontanea

Concentration-absorption

-

concentrazione dell'assorbimento meditativo

neuf absorptions successives

-

nove stati successivi di assorbimento meditativo

the four types of meditative absorptions

quatre absorptions (du Sans-Forme)

quatro equanimidades meditativas

quattro assorbimenti meditativi

The single-pointed meditative absorptions within the four states of the formless realm, 1. ནམ་མཁའ་མཐའ་ཡས་སྐྱེ་མཆེད། ākāṡāntya samāpatti/ meditative absorption of infinite space 2. རྣམ་ཤེས་མཐའ་ཡས་སྐྱེ་མཆེད། vijñānāntya samāpatti/ meditative absorption of infinite consciousness 3. ཅི་ཡང་མེད་པའི་སྐྱེ་མཆེད། ākincanyāyatana samāpatti/ meditative absorbtion of nothingness 4. སྲིད་རྩེའི་སྙོམས་འཇུག་་ཡོད་མིན་མེད་མིན་སྐྱེ་མཆེད། bhavāgra samāpatti/ meditative absorption of the peб of existence, neither with perception nor without non-perception. [TSR]

nirodha-samāpatti, nirodhasamāpatti

Absorption of cessation

absorption/recueillement de cessation*, ataraxie de cessation*; recueillement méditatif où il n'est plus de pensée, où l'esprit est arrêté*, recueillement (ou absorption) de cessation

equanimidade meditativa da cessação

assrbimento della cessazione, assorbimento corrispondente alla cessazione

according to the Mahayana presentation, this is the absorption practiced by the Shravakas and Pratyekabuddhas as a means of gaining contentment in the course of their present existence. It involves the cessation of the sense consciousnesses and the defiled emotional consciousness. Bodhisattvas also enter this absorption, not, however, as an end in itself, but as a method of training in concentration. ["The absorption of the insensate and the formless gods and that of the cessation enjoyed by Shravakas and Pratyekabuddhas are similar in that both are characterized by a halting of the sense consciousnesses in the alaya, the fundamental level of the mind. They are, however, different in that the absorption of the insensate gods does not involve the cessation of the defiled emotional consciousness (nyon yid), whereas the cessation of the Shravakas and Pratyekabuddhas does. For this reason, ordinary beings can only enter the absorption of nonperception, while the absorption of cessation is the preserve of Shravakas and Pratyekabuddhas, practitioners of the Hinayana. Moreover, non-Buddhist traditions mistakenly regard the formless absorptions as liberation and train in them as their spiritual path. The Shravakas and Pratyekabuddhas enter the absorption of cessation for the sake of contentment during their present lifetime. Sublime Bodhisattvas, by contrast, may enter it as an expedient, simply as a means of training in concentration." [YG I, 188] P.441] [The eighth perfect freedom is the freedom of cessation, an experience possible for Aryas who have attained the four samadhis of form, together with the four formless absorptions, and who have arrested the seven consciousnesses together with all mental factors. For such beings, only the alaya is manifest. They can now abide in the absorption wherein there is neither perception nor feeling. Thus they abide in the absorption of cessation. . . . appendix 9 P.432] [TPQ, 2010]

asaṃjñi-samāpatti

absorption of nonperception

absorption méditative sans discernement*, égalisation méditative dénuée de perception*, recueillement sans conscience* , absorption dans l'absence de perceptions

equanimidade meditativa da não-percepção

assorbimento meditativo privo di percezioni

The absorption experienced by the insensate gods of the form realm and the gods of the formless realms. In this absorption, the sense consciousnesses are arrested although the defiled emotional consciousness (nyon yid) continues to function. [TPQ, 2010]

samāhita, samādhi, samāpatti

equanimity, meditation, formal, meditation, meditative equipoise

méditation égale*, placement équilibré*, équilibre méditatif*, méditation, établissement égal (9e stade mental)*, Demeurer uniment

equanimidade

restare o dimorare serenamente posati, posarsi serenamente o lasciare che la mente rimanga serenamente posata, contemplazione equanime

dhyāna

concentration, meditative concentration/ absortion, contemplation, dhyāna, Samadhi

concentration, recueillement*, absorption*, mandalas de méditation*, dhyana*, méditation*,

concentração

concentrazione, livello di stabilità meditativa, livello di raccoglimento meditativo

concentración, absorción meditativa

Meditative absorption, a state of mind without any distraction. Although it is vital for the meditative practices of the Buddhist path at all levels, it is not sufficient on its own, but must be combined with the correct motivation and view. See also four concentrations. [WOMPT, 1984] Meditative absorption, a state of mind without any distraction, essential for all meditative practices, the result of which depends on the motivation and view of the meditator. Non-Buddhist meditative concentration leads to rebirth in the worlds of form and formlessness. The concentrations of the Shravakas result in their attaining the level of Arhat, while only those of the Bodhisattvas can result in Perfect Buddhahood. [ZT, 2006] Meditative absorption of different degrees. Generally translated as “concentration.” [ZT, 2006] A state of concentration [NS], especially one of the four states of concentration associated with the world of form.[OMS, 2018] Meditative absorption of different degrees. [TPQ, 2010]

namra

prostration

Prosternation

prostração, prostrar, prosternação, prosternar, homenagem, reverência, honrar

prosternazioni

postración, homenaje, reverencia, honrar

Gesture of reverence, in which the forehead, the two hands and the two knees touch the ground. [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006]

Six Ornaments

Six Ornements

Seis Ornamentos

Sei Ornamenti

Seis Ornamentos

The six great commentators of the Buddha's teachings: Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dignaga and Dharmakirti. [WOMPT, 1998] The six great Indian commentators of the Buddha’s teachings: Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dignaga, and Dharmakirti. [TLWF, 2011] [NLF, 2005]

keśa, keśoṅḍuka

mouches volantes (myodésopsies)*

miodesópsia, moscas volantes

pañca jñānāni, pañcajñāna

five wisdoms, five kinds of gnosis

cinq aspects de la sagesse primordiale*, cinq sagesses primordiales*, Sagesses (cinq), cinq sagesses

cinco sabedorias

cinque saggezze, conoscenze

cinco sabidurías

Five aspects of the wisdom of Buddhahood: the wisdom of the absolute space (chos dbyings kyi ye shes, Skt. dharmadhātujñāna), mirror-like wisdom (me long gi ye shes, ādarśajñāna), the wisdom of equality (mnyam nyid kyi ye shes, samatājñāna), discriminating wisdom (so sor rtog pa'i ye shes, pratyavekṣaṇājñāna), and all-accomplishing wisdom (bya ba grub pa'i ye shes, kṛtyānuṣṭhānajñāna). See five families. [WOMPT, 1998] The five wisdoms of buddhahood corresponding to the five Dhyani Buddhas or five Buddha families: mirrorlike wisdom (me long lta bu ye shes, Vajrasattva: vajra family), wisdom of equality (mnyam nyid ye shes, Ratnasambhava: the jewel family), all-discerning wisdom (so sor rtog pa'i ye shes, Amitabha: the lotus family), all-accomplishing wisdom (bya ba sgrub pa'i ye shes, Amoghasiddhi: the action family), and wisdom of dharmadhātu (chos dbyings ye shes, Vairocana: the Tathagata family). [TPQ, 2010] Five aspects of the wisdom of Buddhahood: the wisdom of the absolute space (Tib. chos dbyings kyi ye shes), mirrorlike wisdom (Tib. me long gi ye shes), the wisdom of equality (Tib. mnyam nyid kyi ye shes), discriminating wisdom (Tib. so sor rtog pa’i ye shes), and all- accomplishing wisdom (Tib. bya ba grub pa’i ye shes). [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006] Five aspects of Buddha's mind, correlated with the Dhyani Buddhas of the five Families: the wisdom of the absolute space (Vairochana), mirror-like wisdom (Vajrasattva), the wisdom of equality (Ratnasambhava), all-perceiving wisdom (Amitabha), and all- accomplishing wisdom (Amoghasiddhi). [LLB, 2002] The five wisdoms of buddhahood corresponding to the five Dhyani buddhas or five buddha families: the mirror like wisdom (Vajrasattv.a, vajra family), wisdom of equality (Ratnasambhava, the jewel family), all discerning wisdom (Amitabha, the lotus family), all-accomplishing wisdom (Amogasiddhi, the action family), and wisdom of dharmadhatu (Vairochana, the tathagata family).[CMH, 2001] Also translated as five wisdoms. Five aspects of the wisdom of buddhahood: the gnosis of the absolute space (Tib. chos dbyings kyi ye shes), mirrorlike gnosis (me long gi ye shes), the gnosis of equality (mnyam nyid kyi ye shes), discriminating gnosis (so sor rtog pa’i ye shes), and all-accomplishing gnosis (bya ba grub pa’i ye shes). [NS]

saṃskṛta, samskrita(dharma), saṃskṛtam

conditional, compounded, composite nature, compounded phenomena

formations mentales, conditionné, composé (phénomène), conditionné (bien, mérite, etc.)

condicionado, composto

composito, condizionato, composto

condicionado, compuesto

Produced (byas) by a combination ('dus) of causes and conditions. "Conditioned positive actions are all those done without realizing emptiness," DKR. [WOMPT, 1998] A phenomenon belonging to the relative level, brought about by causes and conditions, and which appears to originate, remain, and eventually cease. [IMW, 2004] A phenomenon belonging to the relative level, so called because it appears to arise, abide, and eventually cease. [TPQ, 2010] Produced (byas) by a combination (’dus) of causes and conditions. [ZT, 2006]

sopadhiśeṣanirvāṇa

nirvana with residue

nirvāṇa avec reste*

nirvāṇa com resíduo

The state of nirvana of an arhat with residue. [GWPT 2004]

aśaikṣamārga, mārgabheda

path of no more learning, no more training

voie au-delà de l'entraînement, voie sans-apprentissage, l'état d'arhat et la bouddhéité

via além da aprendizagem, caminho além da aprendizagem

cammino di là dall'apprendimento

camino más allá del aprendizaje

the last of the five paths, the culmination of the path to perfect enlightenment—Buddhahood. [TLWF, 2011][OMS, 2018][NS]

modo último de ser

bhūtakoṭi

very limit, limit of reality (ultimate), perfect and utmost purity

limite du réel

autenticidade última

perfezione ultima, estrema perfezione,

"perfect and utmost purity" used by WF & HB in The Wisdom Chapter, pg 266.

śrāvaka

śrāvaka, listener, hearer

auditeur(s), śrāvaka

śrāvaka

śrāvaka, uditori

śrāvaka

A follower of the root vehicle of Buddhism whose goal is to attain liberation from the sufferings of saṃsāra as an arhat. Unlike the followers of the Great Vehicle, the śrāvakas do not aspire to full enlightenment for the sake of all beings. [WOMPT, 1998] A follower of the Basic Vehicle whose goal is to attain liberation for himself or herself as an Arhat. [TLWF, 2011] One who hears the teachings of the Buddha, practices them, and transmits them to others with a view to his or her personal liberation from samsara, rather than the perfect enlightenment of buddhahood. Śrāvakas are practitioners of the Root Vehicle, or Hīnayāna, which is often for that reason called the Śrāvakayāna. [TPQ, 2010] [CMH, 2001] Lit. “one who listens”: one who follows the Basic Vehicle of the Buddha’s teachings and aims to attain liberation for himself as an Arhat. [ZT, 2006] One who hears the teachings of the Buddha, transmits them to others, and practices them. The characteristic goal of the Shravaka is Arhatship, a personal, individual liberation from samsara, rather than the perfect enlightenment of Buddhahood for the sake of all beings. Shravakas are practitioners of the Hinayana or Root Vehicle, hence Shravakayana. [LLB, 2002] A follower of the Lesser Vehicle whose goal is to attain liberation for themselves as an arhat. [NS] The listeners are so called because they listen to the Buddha’s teaching and then teach it to others. [OMS, 2018]

mahāsattva

grand être

mahāsattva, grande ser, grande herói

ḍākinī

ḍākinī

Dakini*, héroïne*, messagère de l’espace*, dame de sagesse*

ḍākinī

ḍākinī

ḍākinī

The feminine principle associated with wisdom. This term has several levels of meaning. There are ordinary ḍākinīs who are beings with a certain degree of spiritual power, and wisdom ḍākinīs who are fully realized. [TEPTE, 1996] See three roots. [WOMPT, 1998] lit. moving through space. The representation of wisdom in female form. There are several levels of ḍākinī: wisdom ḍākinīs, who have complete realization, and worldly ḍākinīs, who possess various spiritual powers. The word is also used as a title for great women teachers and as a respectful form of address to the wives of spiritual masters. [TPQ, 2010] lit. “moving through space.” The feminine principle associated with wisdom and with the enlightened activities of the teacher. This term has several levels of meaning. There are ordinary dakinis who are beings with a certain degree of spiritual power, and wisdom dakinis who are fully realized. [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006]The male equivalent is a ḍāka.[NS] Pronounced with the stress on the first syllable: dakini. A feminine personification of Wisdom. A distinction is made between wisdom dakinis who are fully enlightened, and "ordinary" or "worldly" dakinis, who, though not fully enlightened, nevertheless possess spiritual power. In Tibetan, the term is used as a title of respect for highly realized yoginis. [LLB, 2002] A representation of wisdom in female form. The dakinis are divided into several classes. There are wisdom dakinis who are fully enlightened and worldly dakinis who possess various spiritual powers. The wisdom dakinis are classified into five groups according to the five enlightened lineages of Tathagata, Vajra, Jewel, Lotus, and Action. See also five enlightened lineages. [WL, 2012]

openness and freedom

auto-liberto

critical edition

edição crítica

quotation marks (guillemets)

aspas; sinal indicativo de citações

gotra, yukta, kula, varṇa,

famille* , classe*, disposition (spirituelle)*, filiation*, familles de bouddha*, Potentiel de bouddha

classe, tipo, familia, raça, genêro/genéro (literário), gene, etc.

bibliography

bibliografia

endnote

notas de fim texto.

abbreviation

abreviação

secondary sources

fontes secondárias

external evidence

evidência externa

internal evidence

evidência interna

rūpa

forme / matière*, formes*

forma

prāpti

obtention*

obter, alcançar

manovijñāna

conscience mentale*

consciência mental

purity and equality

pureté et égalité

-

A central principle of the Vajrayāna. It is the view of the Mahāyoga expounded in the tantra sgyu 'phrul dra ba (Fantasmagorical Net). All appearances, in their purity, are the mandala of the kāyas and wisdoms. This comprises the superior relative truth. Being pure, they are all equal, wisdom and emptiness united. This is superior absolute truth. The "pure" status of the appearing mode and the "equal" status of the absolute mode of being are present indivisibly in every phenomenon. This is referred to as the great Dharmakāya. [TPQ, 2010]

sur, burnt offering

Aumônes brûlées

sur

sur, offerte bruciate

sur, ofrenda quemada

Food burnt on coals and offered in charity to spirits who are able to consume only the smell of burnt food. [TPQ, 2010]

trairūpya, trirūpa

three modes of reasoning

Triple modalité*, trois modes, trois éléments d'un syllogisme

-

three criteria for establishing a logical reason. 1. ཕྱོགས་ཆོས། property of the subject 2. རྗེས་ཁྱབ། subsequent pervasion 3. ལྡོག་ཁྱབ། counter pervasion. [TSR]

jñeya

objet de connaissance*, objet connaissable*

objeto de conhecimento

samāropa

surestimation*, spéculation*, surimposition*, incertitude*, doute*, croyance*

imputação falsa, superimposição

svabhāva-traya , trayaḥ svabhāvāḥ , trisvabhāva

three natures

Trois natures*, essence*, nature propre*

três naturezas essenciais

Three aspects, as presented by the Yogācāra school, of the nature of phenomena: the imputed nature, the dependent nature, and the fully present nature. Also called three realities.[OMS, 2018]

catuṣ-koṭi

Tétralemme*, quatre possibilités*, quatre limites ou extrêmes (du jugement)*

quatro extremos

yantra

exercices yogiques*, exercices (sur les canaux et les énergies)

yantra

congegno, ingranaggio, marchingegno, artificio

sthiramati

Sthiramati

Sthiramati

(510-570 C.E.). A follower of Vasubandhu. It is said that he was the rebirth of a pigeon that had spent its life nesting near Vasubhandu's dwelling place, with the result that it heard the master's recitation of scripture so frequently that it was reborn as a human being and became one of his greatest disciples. [TPQ, 2010] A fifth–sixth-century Indian Abhidharma scholar. He was a disciple of Vasubandhu and wrote numerous commentaries on his master’s works. [OMS, 2018]

three types of beings

trois types d'êtres

três tipos de seres

(1) those who aspire to happiness in the higher states of samsaric existence; (2) those who aspire to liberation from saṃsāra altogether; and (3) those who aspire to buddhahood for the sake of all beings. [TPQ, 2010]

peaceful and wrathful deities

deidades pacíficas e iradas

Meditational deities in peaceful or wrathful forms figuring in the Vajrayāna and representing different aspects of the buddha nature. [TPQ, 2010]

neighbouring hells

enfers avoisinants

infernos circundantes

Sixteen hells, four in each direction, where suffering is slightly less than in the hot hells around which they are situated. [TPQ, 2010]

aṣṭopaputrāḥ

eight close sons.

Huit (Grands) Fils Proches, huit fils proches

oito filhos próximos

The eight main Bodhisattvas in the retinue of Buddha Śākyamuni. They are: Ākāśagarbha, Avalokiteśvara, Kṣitigarbha, Maitreya, Mañjuśrī, Samantabhadra, Sarvanivāraṇaviṣkambhin, and Vajrapāṇi. Symbolically they represent the pure state of the eight consciousnesses. [TPQ, 2010]

eight conditions that lack freedom to practice the Dharma.

huit servitudes, huit conditions qui privent de la liberté de pratiquer

oito circunstância desprovidas de liberdade

Eight existential states in which spiritual growth is either impossible or severely hampered. These are the conditions of hell beings, pretas, animals, long-lived gods without perception, the inhabitants of barbarous lands, people who are severely handicapped physically and mentally, and people who espouse false beliefs or who live in a kalpa in which no Buddha has appeared. [TPQ, 2010]

infinite purity.

infinie pureté

pureza infinita

A technical term referring to the tantric realization that appearances, sounds, and thoughts are the mandala of the deities, mantras, and primordial wisdom. [TPQ, 2010]

yojana

league, yojana

Yojana

yojana

legua, yojana

An ancient Indian measurement of distance which according to the Abhidharmakośa corresponds to 4.5 miles or 7.4 kilometres. [TPQ, 2010] An ancient Indian measurement. Different sources describe it as between one and several miles. [OMS, 2018]

five-element structure

cinq grands schémas

estrutura em cinco pontos

In his Vyākhyāyukti, Vasubandhu describes a five-element structure around which treatises are to be composed. This comprises the purpose of the treatise (dgos pa), the correct arrangement of its parts (mtshams sbyor), the explanation itself (tshig don), its overall meaning (bsdus don), and responses to possible objections ('gal lan). [TPQ, 2010] dgos pa, mtshams sbyor, tshig don, bsdus don, 'gal lan, a five-element structure around which, according to Vasubandhu, treatises should be composed. See Vasubandhu's Vyakhyayukti. Here the system is being applied specifically to the title. The second element, connection (mtshams sbyor), relates to the proper arrangement of the subject. It has not been translated here, for it simply indicates the correct position for the explanation of the title, following the mention of its purpose.(note 4) [TPQ, 2010]

five certainties

cinq certitudes

cinco certezas

See Five excellences. [TPQ, 2010]

field of benefits

objet (ou destinataire) digne de bienveillance

objeto de benefício, campo de benefício

Beings, such as one's parents, to whom a great debt of gratitude is owed for the kindness they have shown. The field of benefits also includes beings who are natural objects of compassion, such as the sick, the old, and the unprotected. All actions directed to them will bring forth a powerful result. [TPQ, 2010]

ephemeral hells

enfers éphémères

infernos efémeros, infernos efêmeros

Infernal states, of varying duration, in which beings suffer due to the fact that they identify as their bodies physical objects such as logs of wood or stoves and suffer the effects of the use to which these objects are put (logs being burned, stoves being heated, doors being slammed, etc.). [TPQ, 2010]

eightfold noble path.

Octuple sentier (le sublime ou le noble)

nobre caminho óctuplo

Right View, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. These constitute the scheme of moral and spiritual disciplines leading to enlightenment expounded by the Buddha in the course of his teaching on the four noble truths at Sarnath. As such, they form the backbone of the fundamental practice of Buddhism. [TPQ, 2010]

aṣṭa duḥkhātaḥ

eight types of suffering

huit souffrances (dérivées)

oito sofrimentos, oito tipos de sofrimento

A classification of sufferings particularly associated with the human condition. These are birth, old age, sickness, death, and the sufferings of encountering enemies, of being separated from loved ones, of not having what one wants, and of having to put up with what one does not want. [TPQ, 2010] aṣṭa duḥkhātaḥ/ Eight kinds of suffering. The eight sufferings that Buddha introduced while explaining the faults of the truth of suffering. 1. སྐྱེ་བའི་སྡུག་བསྔལ། jāti duḥkham/ suffering of birth 2. རྒ་བའི་སྡུག་བསྔལ། jarā duḥkham/ suffering of aging 3. ན་བའི་སྡུག་བསྔལ། vyādhi duḥkham/ suffering of sickness 4. འཆི་བའི་སྡུག་བསྔལ། maraṇa duḥkham/ suffering of death 5. སྡུག་བ་དང་བྲལ་བའི་སྡུག་བསྔལ། priya viprayogo duḥkham/ suffering of separation from cherished objects 6. མི་སྡུག་པ་དང་འཕྲད་པའི་སྡུག་བསྔལ། apriya saṁprayogo duḥkham/ suffering of meeting with revolting objects 7. འདོད་པའི་དངོས་པོ་བཙལ་ཀྱང་མི་རྙེད་པའི་སྡུག་བསྔལ། yad apīcchaya paryeṣamāno na labhate tadapi duḥkham/ suffering of not finding desired objects 8. ཕུང་པོ་ལྔ་སྡུག་བསྔལ་བ་ཡིན་པ། saṁkṣepanam pañcoskandha duḥkham/ the suffering of the five aggregates. [TSR]

yogin , yoginī

yogin, yoginī

yogi, yogini

yogin (m), yoginī (f)

yogi, yoginī

yogui o yoguini

Someone who practises yoga, a spiritual practitioner. [WOMPT, 1998] A person practicing a spiritual path. [TLWF, 2011] [NLF, 2005] [ZT, 2006][OMS, 2018][NS] A female yogin.[NS]

guru yoga

Guru Yoga

guru-yoga, yoga du maître, gourou-yoga*

Guru Yoga

Guru Yoga

Guru Yoga

The practice of mixing one's mind with the teacher's mind. [WOMPT, 1998] A practice consisting of the visualization of the guru (in whichever form), prayers and requests for blessing, the visualized reception of these blessings, and the merging of the mind in the guru's enlightened wisdom mind. Guru yoga is the single most important practice of tantric Buddhism. [TPQ, 2010] [LLB, 2002] [CMH, 2001]

yoga, yogaḥ

practice, yoga

yoga, yogas*, yogi* pratique

yoga, união meditativa, união com o estado natural, prática

yoga

yoga

lit. “union (Tib. ’byor) with the natural state (rnal ma).” A term for spiritual practice. [WOMPT, 1998] [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006][OMS, 2018][NS] lit. joining ('byor) or union with the natural state of the mind (rnal ma). A term commonly used to refer to spiritual practice. [TPQ, 2010] Lit. “union with the natural state”: a term for spiritual practice. [NLF, 2005]

yamāntaka

Yamāntaka

Yamāntaka

Yamāntaka

Yamāntaka

Yamāntaka

Wrathful form of Mañjuśrī. [WOMPT, 1998]

vinaya

vinaya

vinaya, maîtrise (5e stade mental)*, discipliner, discipline

Vinaya, domar

vinaya

vinaya

One of the Three Piṭakas, containing teachings about monastic dicipline and ethics in general. [WOMPT, 1998] The name of the Buddhist ethical teachings in general and of the code of monastic discipline in particular. [TPQ, 2010] [CMH, 2001] One of the Three Pitakas; the section of the Buddha’s teaching that deals with discipline, and in particular with the vows of monastic ordination. [NLF, 2005] [ZT, 2006] The ethical teachings of Buddhism, particularly in relation to the code of monastic discipline. [LLB, 2002] The section of the Buddha’s teaching that deals with discipline, and in particular with the vows of monastic ordination. [OMS, 2018][NS]

vimalamitra, vimalamitraḥ

Vimalamitra

Vimalamitra

Vimalamitra

Vimalamitra

Vimalamitra

One of the most learned Indian Buddhist masters. He went to Tibet in the 9th century, where he taught extensively, and composed and translated numerous Sanskrit texts. The quintessence of his teaching is known as the Vima Nyingtig, one of the Heart-essence teachings of the Great Perfection. [WOMPT, 1998] An Indian master who held an important place in the lineages of the Great Perfection. He went to Tibet in the 8th century, where he taught extensively, and composed and translated numerous Sanskrit texts. The quintessence of his teaching is known as the Vima Nyingtig. [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006][NS] One of the greatest masters and scholars of Indian Buddhism. He went to Tibet in the ninth century, where he taught and translated numerous Sanskrit texts. He was one of the principal sources, together with Guru Padmasambhava, of the Dzogchen teachings in Tibet. [TPQ, 2010] One of the greatest masters and panditas of Indian Buddhism who brought the Dzogchen teachings to Tibet. [LLB 2002] One of the greatest masters and scholars ofIndian Buddhism in general and of the Heart Essence in particular. He went to Tibet in the ninth century, where he taught and translated numerous Sanskrit texts. [CMH, 2001]

jina, jinaḥ

conqueror, victorious one

vainqueur

vitorioso, conquistador

Vittorioso

victorioso, conquistador

A buddha. [WOMPT, 1998] A general epithet for a Buddha. [TPQ, 2010] [TLWF, 2011] [NLF, 2005] Also called conqueror. A general epithet for a buddha, one who has won victory over all negative forces.[OMS, 2018] Also translated as victorious one. A general epithet for a buddha, one who has conquered the four demons. [NS] Also translated as conqueror. A general epithet for a buddha, one who has won victory over the four demons. [NS]

vajrayāna

Vajrayana, diamond vehicle, adamantine vehicle, Mantrayana.

véhicule adamantin*, Vajrayana, Véhicule de Diamant (des Mantras Secrets)

Vajrayāna (o), Veículo de Diamante

vajrayāna, veicolo admantino,

Vajrayāna, Vehículo Adamantino

The vehicle based on realization of the diamondlike nature of the mind. Synonymous with Secret Mantra Vehicle. [TLWF, 2011] The corpus of teachings and practices based on the tantras, scriptures that discourse upon the primordial purity of the mind. [CMH, 2001] See also Expository vehicle of causality. [TPQ, 2010] Diamond Vehicle. Corpus of teachings and practices based on the tantras, scriptures that discourse upon the primordial purity of the mind. It is the vehicle of result, as opposed to the causal vehicle of Shravakas and Bodhisattvas. Synonym of Mantrayana. [LLB, 2002] See Vajrayana. [CMH, 2001] See resultant vehicle. [WL, 2012] Also called Secret Mantrayāna (Secret Mantra Vehicle). A branch of the Great Vehicle that uses the special techniques of the tantras, based on the realization of the diamond-like nature of the mind and taking the result as the path, to pursue enlightenment for the sake of all beings more rapidly. [NS] see Diamond Vehicle. [NS]

vajrasattva

Vajrasattva

Vajrasattva

Vajrasattva

Vajrasattva

Vajrasattva

The buddha who embodies the Hundred Families. The practice of Vajrasattva and recitation of his mantra are particularly effective for purifying negative actions. In the lineage of the Great Perfection he is the saṃbhogakāya buddha. [WOMPT, 1998] The Buddha who embodies the forty-two peaceful and fifty-eight wrathful deities. The practice of Vajrasattva and recitation of his mantra are particularly effective for purifying negative actions. In the lineage of the Great Perfection he is the Sambhogakaya Buddha. [ZT, 2006] Lit., Indestructible Being. The Buddha of the Vajra Family, corresponding to the mirror-like wisdom that is the pure nature of the aggregate of consciousness and affliction of aversion, and is linked with the enlightened activity of pacifying. [LLB, 2002] Generally speaking, the sambhogakaya buddha of the vajra family. meditation on Vajrasattva is a powerful method for the purification of defilements. In the Nyingma tradition, moreover, Vajrasattva is considered to be the sovereign of the yidam deities; his mantra "contains" the mantras of all deities. [CMH, 2001] “Diamond Being” or “Diamond Hero.” In the Diamond Vehicle, the deity most widely practiced for purification. [NS] [TLWF, 2011]

caṇḍālī, caṇḍālikā, caṇḍī

tummo

Ardente, embrasement du feu intérieur*, flamme ardente*, chaṅḍālī*, embrasement intérieur*, chaleur interne*

tummo, caṇḍālī

tummo, caṇḍālī

Inner heat generated in the course of a certain yogic practice of the same name, belonging to the level of Anuyoga. [LLB, 2002]

nirmāṇakāya

Nirmanakaya, body of manifestation, emanated body, tulku

corps de manifestation, corps d'apparition, corps d'émanation*, corps métamorphique

nirmāṇakāya (o), corpo de manifestação; emanação, reencarnação, tulku

nirmaṇakāya, tulku

nirmāṇakāya, cuerpo de manifestación, emanación, reencarnación

Lit "Body of manifestation", the aspect of Buddhahood which manifests out of compassion to help ordinary beings. [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006][NS] The aspect of Buddhahood that manifests out of compassion to help ordinary beings. [TLWF,2011] As tulku: the Tibetan translation of the Skt. nirmanakāya, also used as an honorific title and general term for recognized incarnations of lamas, who are found, usually in childhood, and brought up to inherit the lineage and often the monastic foundations of their predecessors. [WOMPT, 1998] See Trikaya [LLB, 2002] The manifestation body, the aspect of compassion and means, whereby a Buddha may be perceived by unenlightened beings and therefore can communicate with and help them. [TEPTE, 1996] See kaya. [WL, 2012] The aspect of buddhahood that manifests out of compassion in all sorts of forms to help ordinary beings. [OMS, 2018]

nādī-vāyu

Canaux et énergies

canais e energias

canales y energías

tripiṭaka

three piṭakas, baskets, three collections.

triple collection*, Trois Corbeilles

três piṭakas, três cestos

Tripiṭaka

tres piṭakas, tres cestos

The three collections of the Buddha's teachings, Vinaya, Sūtra and Abhidharma. The Vajrayāna teachings are sometimes considered as a fourth piṭaka. Tripiṭaka means "the three baskets," so called because the palm-leaf folios on which the scriptures were originally written were collected and stored in baskets. [WOMPT, 1998] The Three Collections of the words of the Buddha (Vinaya, Sutra, and Abhidharma). They were compiled at the first council held shortly after the parinirvāṇa of the Lord Buddha in the Nyagrodha cave at Rājagṛha under the aegis of King Ajātaśatru. Ananda recited from memory all the Buddha's sutric teachings, Kāśyapa all his metaphysical teachings, and Upāli all the rules of ethical discipline. The collection was supplemented and completed at the third council held at the behest of King Kaniṣka. [TPQ, 2010] The three collections of the Buddha’s teachings: Vinaya, Sutra, and Abhidharma. The Vajrayana teachings are sometimes considered as a fourth pitaka. See also pitaka. [ZT, 2006] The Vinaya Collection, Sūtra Collection, and Abhidharma Collection. See also collection.[OMS, 2018]

triratna

three jewels, three gems

les Trois Joyaux, les Trois Rares et Sublimes*, Trois(Rares et Sublimes)Joyaux, Trois Rares et Suprêmes Joyaux

Três Joias

tre gioielli

Tres Joyas

The Buddha, the Dharma and the Saṅgha. [WOMPT, 1998] Collectively, the object of refuge of all Buddhists. The Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. [TLWF, 2011][OMS, 2018][NS] The Triple Gem of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; the object of Buddhist refuge. [TPQ, 2010] The Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. [NLF, 2005] [ZT, 2006] The Buddha, the Dharma, and the Spiritual Community (Sangha), in which a Buddhist takes refuge. [LLB, 2002] The Buddha, the Doctrine (Dharma) and the Assembly of disciples and practitioners (Sangha). These are the three objects of refuge. [TEPTE, 1996]

trekchö, cutting through, cutting through resistence

trekchö, Threkcheu

Trekchö (o), "Cortar a Resistência"

trekchö

See thögal. [WL, 2012]

thögal, direct crossing, leap over, all-surpassing realization, overstepping, surpassing

thögal , Franchissement direct (dans la présence spontanée)

Thögal, "Salto Direto"

thögal, cruce directo

A practice of the Great Perfection that focuses on the spontaneously present “clarity aspect” of ultimate reality. By contrast, trekchö focuses on the aspect of primordial purity. [WL 2010]

tertön, treasure revealer

Terteun, Révélateur de trésors

tertön (o), revelador de tesouro

scopritore di tesori, tertön

tertön, descubridor de tesoros, revelador de tesoros

lit. treasure-revealer. Reincarnations of the accomplished disciples of Guru Padmasambhava, who discover and reveal the spiritual treasures concealed by him and his consort Yeshe Tsogyal. [WL, 2012]

nidhānam

terma, treasure, hidden treasure

Trésor, Trésor (révélés)

terma, tesouro revelado

terma, tesoro spirituale

terma, tesoros espirituales, tesoro revelado

Teachings, with statues and other objects, that were hidden by Padmasambhava, Yeshe Tsogyal and others in earth, rocks, lakes and trees, or even in more subtle locations such as space or mind for the sake of future generations, and then rediscovered in miraculous ways by incarnations of Padmasambhava's disciples, the treasure discoverers. Teachings that were hidden, along with statues and other objects, by Padmasambhava, Yeshe Tsogyal, and others in earth, rocks, lakes, and trees, or even in more subtle locations such as space or mind for the sake of future generations, and then rediscovered in miraculous ways by incarnations of Padmasambhava’s disciples, the treasure discoverers. [TLWF, 2011] These are teachings and sacred objects concealed mainly by Guru Padmasambhava, to be revealed later, at a time when they would be more beneficial for the world and its inhabitants. Guru Rinpoche concealed such treasures in the deepest recesses of the minds of his disciples, who were themselves practitioners of great accomplishment. In addition, although not in every case, the bestowal of these treasure teachings was accompanied by the creation of certain physical objects, often scrolls of yellow paper carrying the symbolic letters of the ḍākinīs , or other writing (sometimes a few words, sometimes entire texts). These texts, together with other items, were entrusted for protection to the ḍākinīs or Dharma protectors and were concealed, not in the ordinary sense, but within the very nature of the elements. According to the inconceivable workings of interdependence, when the appropriate historical period arrives, the disciples to whom a specific teaching was bestowed appear in the world and proceed to unfold the treasure teachings. In this they are often prompted by the discovery of the items just referred to, or else they spontaneously recollect the teaching received many centuries before from the mouth of the guru. The collection of terma is enormous and forms one of the main sources of teaching and practice of the Nyingma school. [TPQ, 2010] See Treasure [LLB, 2002] Teachings and sacred objects concealed by Guru Rinpoche and other enlightened beings, to be revealed later, at a time when they would be most beneficial. The Terma teachings are composed in the symbolic letters of the dakinis, or other writing, and consist sometimes of a few words, sometimes of an entire text. The Treasures were concealed in the nature of the elements-water, rocks, etc. - or in the minds of the disciples. When they were with Guru Rinpoche, these disciples fully realized the meaning of these teachings and are for this reason the only ones who can rediscover them in the course of subsequent incarnations. The purpose of the symbolic script is in fact to awaken in the tertön's mind the memory of the teaching entrusted to him or her by Guru Rinpoche. [LLB, 2002] lit. treasure. Teachings and blessed substances concealed principally by Guru Padmasambhava, to be revealed later, at a time when they would be more beneficial for the world and its inhabitants. [WL, 2010]

siddha, siddhaḥ

siddha

Siddha

siddha

siddha

siddha

lit. one who has attained the accomplishments. Someone who has attained the fruit of the practice of the Secret Mantrayāna. [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006] Someone who has attained the fruit of the practice of the Secret Mantra Vehicle. [TLWF, 2011][NS] One who has gained siddhi or accomplishment through the practice of the Vajrayāna. [TPQ, 2010] [LLB, 2002]

ṣadgati

six realms, six realms of existence

six classes d'êtres, êtres des six mondes, six destinées, classes d'êtres (cinq / six), états d’existence (cinq / six), six formes d'existence, six sphères d'existence, six mondes

seis classes de seres, seis reinos, cinco classes de seres, cinco reinos

sei regni (dell'esistenza),

seis clases de seres, seis reinos de existencia, cinco clases de seres, cinco reinos de existencia

Six modes of existence caused and dominated by a particular mental poison: the realms of hells (anger), of pretas (miserliness), of animals (bewilderment or ignorance), of humans (desire), of demigods or asuras (jealousy), and of gods (pride). They correspond to deluded perceptions produced by beings' karma and apprehended as real. [TLWF, 2011] One also speaks of five realms ('gro lnga, Skt. pañcagati), counting gods and demigods together as one realm. Six modes of existence produced by specific karmas and apprehended as real. They are all equal in being merely perceptions of the deluded mind and lacking inherent existence. In ascending order they are the realms of hell, produced by hatred; pretas, brought about by extreme miserliness; of animals, provoked by stupidity; of humans, produced by desire; of asuras, by intense envy; and of gods, due to actions concomitant with pride. [TPQ, 2010] Six modes of existence caused and dominated by particular mental poisons: the hells (anger), and the realms of the pretas (miserliness), animals (bewilderment or ignorance), humans (desire), asuras (jealousy), and gods (pride). These correspond to deluded perceptions produced by beings’ karma and apprehended as real. [ZT, 2006] The experience of beings in samsara is traditionally schematized into six general categories, referred to as realms or worlds, in which the mind abides as the result of previous actions or karma. None of these states is satisfactory, though the degree of suffering in them differs from one to another. The three upper or fortunate realms, where suffering is alleviated by temporary pleasures, are the heavens of the mundane gods, the realms of the asuras or demigods, and the world of human beings. The three lower realms, in which suffering predominates over every other experience, are those of the animals, the hungry ghosts, and the hells. [TEPTE, 1996] Six modes of existence caused and dominated by a particular mental poison: the hells (anger or aversion), the hungry spirits realm (miserliness), animal realm (bewilderment or ignorance), human realm (desire), demigod realm (jealousy), and god realm (pride). These correspond to the deluded perceptions that are produced by beings’ past actions and that are apprehended as real. [NS]

samaya

samaya, promisse, oath, sacred promiss, sacred oath, sacred precept, sacred bond

samaya, lien sacré, engagement*, promesse*, samaya*

samaya (o), vínculo, compromisso, promessa

samaya, vincolo sacro

samaya, vínculo, compromiso, promesa

Sacred links between teacher and disciple, and also between disciples, in the Vajrayāna. The Sanskrit word samaya can mean: agreement, engagement, convention, precept, boundary, etc. Although there are many detailed obligations, the most essential samaya is to consider the teacher's body, speech and mind as pure. [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006] lit. “promise.” The sacred link between master and disciple, and also between disciples, in the Diamond Vehicle. The Sanskrit word samaya can mean: agreement, engagement, convention, precept, boundary, etc. Although there are many detailed obligations, the most essential commitment on the part of the disciple is to consider the teacher’s body, speech and mind as pure. [TLWF, 2011][NS] The sacramental bond and commitment in the Vajrayāna established between the master and the disciples on whom empowerment is conferred. The samaya bond exists also between the disciples of the same master and between disciples and their practice. [TPQ, 2010] [CMH, 2001] The sacramental bond and commitment in the Vajrayana established between the master and the disciple to whom he or she gives empowerment. Samaya also refers to the sacred links between the disciples of the same master and between the disciples and their practice.[LLB, 2002] [WL, 2012] See sacred commitments. [NS]

non sectarian, ecumenical

non sectaire (mouvement), Œcuménique (école)

não sectário, movimento rime (ou rimê)

Rimé, movimento Rimé

movimiento no sectario, movimiento rimê

Spiritual movement made famous by the great lama Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo as well as Jamgön Köngtrul Lodrö Thaye, Lama Mipham, Chogyur Lingpa and Patrol Rinpoche. It is characterized by an attitude of respect for all the teachings and schools of Buddhism. [WOMPT, 1998]

prāṇa (vāyu)

energy, vital energy, subtle energy, wind, breath, prana, energy, wind-energy, vital-energy, subtle-energy, psychic energy, subtle wind

souffles, vents, énergies subtiles, souffle*, air (voir glossaire d'énumérations)*, souffle, vent*, énergie, souffles principaux*, prana*, souffle subtil*, vent d'énergie subtile*

prāṇa (o), energia subtil, vento

energie (sottili) o venti

prāṇa, energía sutil, viento, energía vital, energía psíquica, viento sutil

1) Its characteristic is to be "light and mobile." The mind is described as riding on the rlung like a rider on a horse. Five different types of rlung regulate the functions of the body: i) the ascending energy (gyen rgyu), ii) the energy of evacuation (thur sel), iii) the fiery energy (me mnyam), iv) all-pervading energy (khyab byed) and v) the life-supporting energy (srog 'dzin)) 2) One of the three humours according to Tibetan medicine. See also bile, phlegm. [WOMPT, 1998] A psychophysical component that circulates in the subtle channels of the body and acts as the support of the mind. In ordinary beings the wind energy is impure. It is called karmic energy (las kyi rlung) because it is contaminated by karma. When purified, however, it becomes wisdom energy (ye shes kyi rlung). [TPQ, 2010] Lit. “wind,” being described as “light and mobile”: any one of a number of subtle energies that regulate the functions of the body and influence the mind, which is said to ride or be carried on the rlung like a rider on a horse. Mastery of these subtle energies in the perfection phase greatly enhances the practitioner’s realization. See also channels and energies. [ZT, 2006] Subtle energies circulating in the subtle channels of the body and acting as the vehicle of the essence- drops, the support of the mind. [LLB, 2002]

prajñāpāramitā

prajñāpāramitā.

Connaissance transcendante

Prajñāpāramitā

Prajñāpāramitā

(1) The paramita of transcendent wisdom, the knowledge of emptiness; (2) the collection of sutras belonging to the second turning of the Dharma wheel and expounding the doctrine of śūnyatā, the emptiness of phenomena. [TPQ, 2010] Transcendent knowledge, direct realization of emptiness, and thus the Mother of all the Buddhas. Referred to also as wisdom that has gone beyond. [LLB, 2002]

eight extremes

huit extrêmes (ou limites) du jugement

oito extremos

Phenomena are beyond the extremes of cessation and origin; they are not annihilated and they are not permanent; they do not come and they do not go; they are not distinct and they are not one. Parallel with this, they are like dreams, illusions, mirages, reflections, optical illusions, echoes, castles in the clouds, and magical displays. These eight similes illustrate the indivisibility of the absolute and relative truths. [TPQ, 2010]

rūpakāya , rūpakāyaḥ, buddhakāyaviśeṣaḥ

Rupakaya, form body, body of form

corps formel, corps de forme*, rūpakāya*

rūpakāya (o), kāya da forma, Corpo da Forma, corpo-forma.

rūpakāya

rūpakāya, kāya de la forma, Cuerpo de la Forma

Body of Form, which includes the sambhogakāya and nirmāṇakāya together. [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006] See Kaya. [IMW, 2004] The body of form comprises the body of perfect enjoyment and the body of manifestation together. [TLWF, 2011] Form body. See Kaya. [CMH, 2001] The body of perfect enjoyment and the body of manifestation considered together. [NS]

pratītyasamutpāda, dvādaṡāṅga pratītyasamutpāda

twelve links of dependent arising

douze facteurs de la production interdépendante

doze elos da originação dependente

A fundamental element of Buddhist teaching according to which phenomena are understood not as discretely existent entities, but as the coincidence of interdependent conditions. The classic formulation of this doctrine is found in the teaching on the twelve links of dependent arising, which, together with the four noble truths, constitutes the teachings of the first turning of the wheel of Dharma. This fundamental exposition, given by the Buddha at Sarnath shortly after his enlightenment, expresses the doctrines of the Hīnayāna. The doctrine of interdependence is, however, pervasive and is formulated variously according to different levels of teaching. Most importantly, it was interpreted by Nāgārjuna as the essential meaning of śūnyatā, or emptiness, the ultimate nature of phenomena. [TPQ, 2010] The twelve factors or stages through which the process of birth and rebirth in cyclic existence takes place. They are ignorance, conditioning factors, consciousness, name-and-form, the sense powers, contact, feeling, craving, grasping, becoming, birth, and aging-and-death. [OMS, 2018]

svabhāva

essence, essential nature, nature

essence, identité, nature (parfois = ce que la chose est, donc pas toujours besoin de traduire), nature propre*, essence*, la chose même*, nature en soi*, essence/nature essentielle

natureza essencial, essência, natureza

kliṣṭamana, kleśamanas, kliṣṭamanaḥ , kleṡavijñгna

defiled emotional consciousness

esprit affecté*, mental affligé*, mental souillé (affligé ou émotionnel):

consciência emocional, consciência mental dotada de emoções negativas

See eight consciousnesses [TPQ, 2010]

gorocanā

bezoar

bezoar

A concretion found in the stomachs or entrails of certain animals and which is endowed with medicinal properties. [TPQ, 2010]

mahāpuruṣaḥ

beings of great scope

grand être

ser de grande capacidade, grande ser

Practitioners of the Mahāyāna teachings who, out of compassion, aspire to buddhahood in order to help beings in the immediate term and to lead them ultimately to enlightenment. [TPQ, 2010]

sevā

approach, accomplishment, and activation

approche

aproximação

First of three consecutive stages in the practice of a sādhana. In the first stage the practitioner becomes familiar with the figure and mandala of the meditational deity. In the second stage, the deity is "accomplished," and in the third, different enlightened activities are practiced.

twofold purity

double pureté, deux puretés

pureza dupla, duas purezas

La purezza originale (rang bzhin ye dag), che è la natura di buddha propria a tutti gli esseri, e la purezza da macchie avventizie (blo bur ’phral dag), che si consegue con la pratica ed è propria ai buddha solamente.

doble pureza

(1) The original natural purity of the mind, present in the minds of all sentient beings (rang bzhin ye dag), and (2) the purity from all adventitious stains (glo bur 'phral dag), which is the result of the path and is the preserve of buddhas only. [TPQ, 2010] Original purity (rang bzhin ye dag), which is the buddha nature present in all beings, and the purity from all adventitious stains (Tib. blo bur ’phral dag), which is the result of practicing the path. Only a buddha has this second purity. [NS]

āgantuka-mala

adventitious veil, adventitious stain

adventices (souillures)* , Impuretés adventices

máculas adventícias

Impermanent emotional and cognitive obscurations that afflict the mind but which, not being intrinsic to its nature, can be removed from it. See Two obscurations; Twofold purity. [TPQ, 2010]

absolute wisdom

sagesse primordiale/absolue*, sagesse primordiale "sens"/signifiée*

sabedoria do absoluto, sabedoria absoluta

Primordial knowledge, divested of the dualistic mental activity characteristic of the ordinary mind, which "sees" (nondualistically) the ultimate reality or absolute truth. [TPQ, 2010]

niḥpra­pañca

absence of conceptual constructs

libre de discursivité*, séparation des élaborations conceptuelles*, absence d'élaboration conceptuelle/ de prolifération discursive*, absence d'élaboration*, dénué de proliférations discursives (en terme d'être et de non-être)*, libre de construction(s) mentale(s) (ou absence de ~)

livre de elaborações conceptuais (pt) / conceituais (br)

This expression is used to refer to the fact that phenomena, in their true nature, are "empty," or beyond the four possible ontological positions: they cannot be said to exist; they cannot be said not to exist; they cannot be said both to exist and not to exist; and they cannot be said neither to exist nor not to exist. [TPQ, 2010]

kīla

Kīla, phurba

Kíla

kīla, phurba

kīla, phurba,

kīla

Wrathful deity, the activity aspect of all the buddhas, a manifestation ofVajrasattva. Practice related to this deity is based on the four aspects of Kīla, those of the ritual object, compassion, Bodhicitta and awareness-wisdom. [WOMPT, 1998] A ritual implement somewhat resembling a dagger or peg. Also the Tibetan name of the yidam Vajrakila or Vajrakumara. [LLB, 2002]

saṅkrāmati

phowa, transference of consiousness

phowa, transfert

transferência, phowa, transferência de consciência

trasferimento

transferencia, phowa

1) passing from one place to another, transmigrating (after death). 2) practice for directing the transference of consciousness at the time of death. [WOMPT, 1998]

pāramitā

pāramitā, transcendent perfection, transcendence, perfection

perfection*, vertu transcendante, pāramitā*, perfection transcendante*, six (ou dix) vertus transcendantes

pāramitā, virtude transcendente, perfeição transcendente

perfezione trascendente

pāramitā, perfección trascendental

The six methods of training in the bodhicitta of application. They are transcendent because they are accompanied by the wisdom of emptiness. See also six transcendent perfections. [WOMPT, 1998] A transcendent perfection or virtue, the practice of which leads to buddhahood and which therefore forms the practice of bodhisattvas. There are six pāramitās: generosity, ethical discipline, patience, diligence, concentration, and wisdom. According to another reckoning there are ten pāramitās, these six with the addition of a further four, regarded as aspects of the wisdom pāramitā. They are: skillful means, strength, aspiration, and primordial wisdom. [TPQ, 2010] A term used to describe the practice of a Bodhisattva, combining skillful means and wisdom, the compassionate motivation of attaining enlightenment for the sake of all beings, and the view of emptiness. See six and ten transcendent perfections. [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006] See perfections [LLB, 2002] These represent the fundamental practices of the Mahayana path. The six are Generosity, Ethical Discipline, Patience, Diligence, Concentration, and Wisdom. The ten consist of the six just mentioned but with the last perfection of wisdom broken down into the aspects of Means (thabs), Strength (stobs), Aspiration (smon lam), and Primordial Wisdom (ye shes). They are called transcendent because, in conjunction with wisdom, they lead beyond samsara. [LLB, 2002] A transcendent perfection or virtue, the practice of which leads to Buddhahood. There are six paramitas: generosity, ethical discipline, patience, diligence, concentration, and wisdom. [WL, 2012] The principal practice of a bodhisattva, combining skillful means and wisdom, the compassionate motivation of attaining enlightenment for the sake of all beings and the view of emptiness. See six and ten transcendent perfections.[OMS, 2018]

paṇḍita

paṇḍita

paṇḍita

paṇḍita

paṇḍita

paṇḍita

A scholar, someone learned in the five traditional sciences (see: five sciences). Particularly used to refer to Indian scholars. [WOMPT, 1998] A scholar, someone learned in the five traditional sciences (crafts, medicine, philology, logic, and philosophy). The term is used to refer primarily to Indian scholars. [TLWF, 2011][NS] A scholar, someone learned in the five traditional sciences (crafts, medicine, philology, logic, and philosophy). The term is particularly used to refer to Indian scholars. [ZT, 2006] A scholar, someone learned in the five traditional sciences. See five sciences [LLB, 2002]

padmasambhava, padmakara

Padmasambhava

Padmasambhava, Né du Lotus

Padmasambhava

Padmasambhava

Padmasambhava, Nacido del Loto

The Lotus-Born Teacher from Uḍḍiyāna, often known as Guru Rinpoche. During the reign of King Trisong Detsen in the eighth century, this great master subjugated the evil forces hostile to the propagation of Buddhism in Tibet, spread the Buddhist teaching of the Diamond Vehicle in that country, and hid innumerable spiritual treasures for the benefit of future generations. He is venerated as the Second Buddha, whose coming was predicted by the first one, Buddha Shākyamuni, to give the special teachings of the Diamond Vehicle. [NS]

—

nyingma, ancient tradition, old translation school, the old school, ancient translation school.

première école de traduction, Nyingma, Tradition ancienne, Ancienne Traduction (école de l'~)

Nyingma, Escola das Antigas Traduções, Antiga Tradição, nyingmapa

antica tradizione, tradizione Nyingmapa

Nyingma o Nyingmapa, Tradición Antigua, Escuela de traducción antigua

The followers of the first teachings of Secret Mantra propagated in Tibet by the great master Padmasambhava in the 8th century. Patrul Rinpoche belonged to this school. [WOMPT, 1998] Referred to also as the Nyingma or Ancient school, the original tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. Its adherents study and practice the tantras (and their related teachings) that were translated in the first period between the introduction of the Buddhadharma to Tibet in the eighth century and the period of New Translation inaugurated by Rinchen Zangpo (958-1051). [TPQ, 2010] See Ancient Translation school. [TPQ, 2010] The followers of the first teachings of the Secret Mantrayana propagated in Tibet by the great masters Vimalamitra and Padmasambhava in the eighth century. [ZT, 2006][NS] See Ancient Tradition [ZT, 2006] The ancient tradition. The first and mother school of Tibetan Buddhism, so called in contrast with the subsequent schools founded at a later date. [LLB, 2002] The earliest school of Tibetan Buddhism, founded in the eighth century by the Guru Padmasambhava. [TEPTE, 1996] See Old tradition. [WL, 2012] The original tradition of Buddhist teaching in Tibet dating from the eighth century, sometimes referred to as the Old Translation School, so-called in contrast with the schools of the New Translation tradition, founded from the twelfth century onward. [WL, 2012]

mahāsiddha, mahāsiddhiḥ

mahāsiddha, great accomplished one

mahasiddha, grand sage, être réalisé, grand accompli*, Grand maître accompli

mahāsiddha, ser altamente realizado

mahāsiddha

ser realizado, mahāsiddha

A yogi who has reached the supreme accomplishment. [WOMPT, 1998] See Siddha [LLB, 2002]

eight offering goddesses

oito deusas de oferendas

Otto dee delle offerte

Ocho diosas de las ofrendas

The Lady of Beauty (sgeg mo ma, Skt. Lāsyā), the Lady of Garlands (phreng ba ma, Mālā), the Lady of Song (glu ma, Gītā), the Lady of Dance (gar ma, Nṛtyā), the Lady of Flowers (me tog ma, Puṣpā), the Lady of Incense (bdug spos ma, Dhūpā), The Lady of Lamps (snang gsa/ ma, Ālokā) and the Lady of Perfume (dri chab ma, Gandhā). In the maṇḍala of the peaceful sambhogakāya deities, they are also the consortss of the eight Bodhisattvas (see Eight Great Close Sons), and symbolize, respectively, the pure state of the four objects of the sense organs (form, smell, sound and taste) and of the four aspects of thoughts (past, present, future and of undetermined time). [WOMPT]

entraînement de l'esprit

treino da mente, treinamento da mente

entrenamiento de la mente

khama

Kahma

khama

khama

Name of the long oral lineage of transmission of the teachings from the Buddha down to the disciples of the present day. [WL 2012]

Kangyur

Kangyur

Kangyur

Kangyur

The Tibetan translations of the original canonical works that recorded the Buddha’s teachings of the Tripitaka and the tantras. The Kangyur comprises a collection of more than one hundred volumes. [ZT 2006] The collection of 108 volumes containing the canon of Buddhist scriptures embodying the teachings of the Buddha Shakyamuni. [LLB 2002]

Gelugpa

Guélouk

Gelug, Gelugpa

Gelugpa

Gelugpa

One of the schools of the New Tradition, founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) and at first called the Gandenpa after his seat, the monastery of Ganden. [WOMPT, 1998] One of the New Translation schools, founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419). Its head is the Throne Holder of Ganden Monastery, and its most illustrious member is His Holiness the Dalai Lama. [FB] One of the New Translation schools, founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419), whose head is the Throne-Holder of Ganden and whose most illustrious member is His Holiness the Dalai Lama. [TPQ, 2010] One of the schools of the New Tradition, founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419). [ZT, 2006]

stūpa, caitya

stūpa

stoûpa, Stupa, mémorial

stūpa, caitya

stūpa

estupa

lit. support of offering. A symbolic representation of the Buddha's mind. The most typical Buddhist monument, which often has a wide square base, a rounded mid-section, and a tall conical upper section topped by a sun and moon. Stūpa frequently contain the relics of enlightened beings. They vary in size from tiny clay models to the vast stūpas at Borobodur in Indonesia and Bodha in Nepal. [WOMPT, 1998] [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006][NS] lit. support of offering. Symbolic representation of the Buddha's enlightenment. Stupas, perhaps the most typical of Buddhist monuments, are to be found in a variety of forms all over the Buddhist world. They often contain the relics of enlightened beings and are objects of great reverence. [TPQ, 2010] Lit., support of offerings. Symbolic representation of the Buddha's mind. The most typical Buddhist monument, frequently containing the relics of enlightened beings and varying in size. It often has a square base, a rounded midsection, and a tall conical upper section topped by a sun and moon. [LLB, 2002]

mañjuśrī, mañjuśrī­kumāra­bhūta, mañjughoṣa

Mañjuśrī

Mañjushrî, Mañjuśrī (le Jeune -) où sont des idées de « prince héritier » et de « jeunesse éternelle », Mañjughosha

Mañjuśrī, Mañjuśrī-­kumāra­bhūta, Mañjughoṣa

Mañjuśrī, Mañjuśrī-­kumāra­bhūta, Mañjughoṣa

Mañjuśrī, Mañjuśrī-­kumāra­bhūta, Mañjughoṣa

A tenth level Bodhisattva. He embodies the knowledge and wisdom of all the buddhas. [WOMPT, 1998] The Bodhisattva who embodies the Buddhas’ knowledge and wisdom. [TLWF, 2011][OMS, 2018] A tenth-ground Bodhisattva, one of the eight Close Sons of the Buddha. He is the personification of the body aspect and the wisdom of all the Buddhas. See also Asaṅga; Nāgārjuna. [TPQ, 2010] A tenth-level Bodhisattva, one of Buddha Shakyamuni’s eight principal Bodhisattva disciples. He embodies the knowledge and wisdom of all the Buddhas and is usually depicted holding the sword of wisdom in his right hand and a book on a lotus in his left. [ZT, 2006] Name of a Bodhisattva personifying the wisdom of all the Buddhas. [LLB, 2002] A tenth-ground Bodhisattva and the personification of the wisdom of all the Buddhas. [WL, 2012]

vajradhara ; pavidhara

vajradhara, diamond holder, holder of the vajra.

détenteur du vajra

vajradhara, detentor do vajra ou diamante

vajradhara

vajradhara, detentor del vajra o diamante

One who holds the transmission and realization of the Diamond Vehicle. Vajradhara (“Diamond Bearer”) is also known by this name. [TLWF 2011] A title given to the holder of the three kinds of discipline or vow. [TPQ, 2010]

to be stuck on something, to be prevented from moving forward, attachment and impediment

-

chags: to be stuck on something; thogs: to be prevented from moving forward. [ZT, 2006, translator's notes] Attachment and impediment. See Two obscurations. [TPQ, 2010]

saṃvṛti-satya , saṃvṛtisatya

relative truth, the relative, all-concealing, deceptive appearance, conventional truth, the conventional

vérité relative, réalité superficielle*

verdade relativa, verdade convencional

verità relativa

verdad relativa, lo relativo, que todo lo oculta, apariencia engañosa, verdad convencional, lo convencional

The apparent truth perceived and taken as real by the deluded mind, [WOMPT, 1998]which conceals the true nature of things. Contrast ultimate truth. [NS] lit. all-concealing truth. This refers to phenomena in the ordinary sense, which, on the level of ordinary experience, are perceived as real and separate from the mind and which thus conceal their true nature. [TPQ, 2010] Lit. “all-concealing truth”: the apparent truth perceived and taken as real by the deluded mind, which conceals the true nature of phenomena. See also absolute truth. [ZT, 2006] lit. “all-concealing truth.” The apparent truth perceived and taken as real by the deluded mind, which conceals their true nature. See also ultimate truth.[OMS, 2018]

anupalambha, anupalabdhi, nirālambana

sans-référence*, non référentiel, sans point de référence/d'observation/de concentration*, sans objet*, non-référence*, non-observation*, inconcevable*; inexistant*, introuvable

não-referencial, livre de referências

Karmapa

Karmapa

Karmapa

Karmapa

Karmapa

Name of a series of great lamas of the Kagyupa school, whose lineage of reincarnations goes back to Dusum Khyenpa (1110- 1193). The Karmapas were the first tulkus recognised in Tibet. [WOMPT]

dharmakāya

dharmakaya, absolute body, Dharma body, body of truth

corps absolu, corps de vérité*, état d'Éveil*

dharmakāya (o), corpo absoluto

dharmakāya, corpo assoluto,

dharmakāya

The emptiness aspect of Buddhahood. It can be translated as body of truth, absolute dimension. [WOMPT, 1998][NS] See Five Bodies. [TPQ, 2010] The emptiness aspect of Buddhahood; also translated as body of truth, absolute dimension. [TLWF, 2011] Lit. “Dharma body”: the emptiness aspect of Buddha- hood; also translated as “body of truth,” “absolute dimension.” [ZT, 2006] See Trikaya [LLB, 2002] See Kaya [CMH, 2001] lit. “Dharma body.” Also called absolute dimension. The emptiness aspect of buddhahood. [OMS, 2018] The absolute, or truth, body; the aspect of emptiness. [TEPTE, 1996] Literally the “dharma-body.” According to context, this refers simply to the dimension of emptiness of Buddhahood. Alternatively, it may indicate the union of emptiness and luminous primordial wisdom. [WL, 2012] See body of truth. [NS]

dharma

dharma, teaching, phenomenon

Dharma, enseignement du Bouddha, phénomène*, Enseignement, Doctrine

Dharma [o], ensinamento, doutrina, qualidade, fator, dharma, fenómeno

dharma

Dharma, enseñanzas, verdad, doctrina, realidad, cualidad o dharma, fenómeno, etc.

dharma, nauka buddy, zjawisko

This term has a number of different meanings. In its widest sense it means all that can be known. In this text the term Dharma is used exclusively to indicate the teaching of the Buddha. It has two aspects: the Dharma of transmission (lung gi chos), namely the teachings which are actually given, and the Dharma of realization (rtogs pa'i chos), or the states of wisdom, etc., which are attained through the application of the teachings. It is often referred to as the "Sublime Dharma" because it liberates beings from suffering. Dharma or "chos" can also simply mean "phenomena." When it has this meaning it has been translated as such. [WOMPT, 1998] This Sanskrit term is the normal word used to indicate the Doctrine of the Buddha. In fact the term has ten meanings: Six apply to phenomena; four apply to the sacred Doctrine. The first six are: (1) phenomenon or knowledge object; (2) mental object; (3) life span; (4) future time; (5) certainty; and (6) religion (religious tradition). The four that apply to the sacred tradition are: (1) scriptures, or the Dharma of transmission; (2) meritorious action or skillful means, such as generosity; (3) the path or wisdom of understanding emptiness; and (4) nirvāṇa, or freedom of all that is to be abandoned." The Dharma of transmission refers to the corpus of verbal teachings, whether oral or written. The Dharma of realization refers to the spiritual qualities resulting from the practice of these teachings. [TPQ, 2010] This Sanskrit term is the normal word used to indicate the Doctrine of the Buddha. In fact the term has ten meanings (see note 82). The Dharma of transmission refers to the corpus of verbal teachings, whether oral or written. The Dharma of realization refers to the spiritual qualities resulting from the practice of these teachings. Note 82"There are ten meanings of the word ‘dharma' (chos). Six apply to phenomena; four apply to the sacred Doctrine. The first six are: (1) phenomenon or knowledge object; (2) mental object; (3) life span; (4) future time; (5) certainty; and (6) religion (religious tradition). The four that apply to the sacred tradition are: (1) scriptures, or the Dharma of transmission; (2) meritorious action or skillful means, such as generosity; (3) the path or wisdom of understanding emptiness; and (4) nirvana, or freedom of all that is to be abandoned." [YG I, 503] The Buddha’s doctrine; the teachings transmitted in the scriptures and the qualities of realization attained through their practice. Note that the Sanskrit word dharma has ten principal meanings, including “anything that can be known.” Vasubandhu defines the Dharma, in its Buddhist sense, as the “protective dharma” (chos skyobs): “It corrects (’chos) every one of the enemies, the afflictive emotions; and it protects (skyobs) us from the lower realms: these two characteristics are absent from other spiritual traditions.” [TLWF, 2011] [NLF, 2005] [ZT, 2006][OMS, 2018][NS] The Doctrine, or corpus of teachings given by the Buddha and other enlightened beings, which shows the path to Awakening. It has two aspects: the Dharma of transmission, namely the scriptures and teachings, and the Dharma of realization, the qualities resulting from the spiritual practice. [LLB, 2002] This Sanskrit term is most commonly used to indicate the doctrine of the Buddha. The term actually has ten meanings. The Dharma of transmission refers to the corpus of verbal teachings, whether oral or written. The Dharma of realization refers to the spiritual qualities resulting from practicing these teachings. [CMH, 2001] The body of teaching expounded by the Buddha Shakyamuni and other enlightened beings which shows the way to enlightenment. It comprises two aspects: the Dharma of transmission (lung gi chos), namely the teachings which are actually given, and the Dharma of realization (rtogs pa'i chos), or the states of wisdom, etc., which are attained through the application of the teachings. [TEPTE, 1996] The Sanskrit word dharma (Tib. chos) has a wide range of meanings, including: (to name only a few): a thing, phenomenon, characteristic, attribute, mental object, topic, teaching, scripture, religion, law, custom, usage. In this book “Dharma” (in uppercase) refers exclusively to the second of the Three Jewels, the Buddha's teaching and Buddhist path. [ZT, 2006, translator's notes]

iṣṭadevatā, devatā, iṣṭa-devatā, samādānatva, samādānatva

yidam deity, tutelary deity, divinity, yidam

déité (de méditation), divinité tutélaire, yidam, déité de méditation / de prédilection, divinité de méditation/déité préférée*, divinité de méditation/tutélaire*, Yidam, déité yidam

yidam, deidade yidam

yidam

yidam, deidad tutelar

A deity representing enlightenment, in a male or female, peaceful or wrathful form, that corresponds to the practitioner’s individual nature. The yidam is the source of accomplishments. [WOMPT, 1998] [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006] A tantric deity, in male or female form, representing different aspects of enlightenment. Yidams may be peaceful or wrathful and are meditated upon according to the nature and needs of the individual practitioner. [TPQ, 2010] [CMH, 2001] [WL, 2012] A form of a Buddha used as a support in meditation in the Mantrayana. Such deities may be masculine or feminine, peaceful or wrathful, and are regarded as being inseparable from the mind of the meditator. [LLB, 2002] A form of a Buddha used as a support in visualization and meditation in the Mantrayana. Such deities may be masculine or feminine, peaceful or wrathful, regarded ultimately as being inseparable from the mind of the meditator. [TEPTE, 1996] A deity representing enlightenment, in a male or female, peaceful or wrathful, form and that corresponds to the practitioner’s individual nature. The yidam is the source of accomplishments. Yidam practice involves performing the deity’s sādhana and reciting its mantra.[NS]

rainbow body

Corps d'arc-en-ciel

corpo de arco íris

corpo d'arcobaleno

cuerpo de arcoíris

The rainbow body, synonymous with the diamond body (rdo rje sku), is the name given to the attainment of Buddhahood according to the practices of the Great Perfection of the Nyingma school. There are three kinds of rainbow body: the rainbow body so called ('ja lus), the radiant body ('od sku), and the rainbow body of great transference ('ja lus 'pho ba chen po). The first is attained through the practice of Trekchö. When someone accomplished in this practice dies, his or her body will be seen to emit rainbow light and diminish (often very considerably) in size. After about a week, if left undisturbed, the body will disappear completely, leaving behind only hair and finger- and toenails. Yogis have demonstrated this attainment well into modern times, indeed the present day. The Radiant Body is accomplished through a Dzogchen practice called thögal, and at death the body is transformed directly into light, leaving behind no remainder whatever. In the case of the rainbow body of great transference ('ja lus 'pho ba chen po), the accomplished practitioner trans- forms his physical body into an indestructible form composed of rainbow light and continues to live for centuries, remaining visible for as much this is of benefit for sentient beings. When there is no further purpose for such a manifestation, the practitioner dissolves his or her body into a radiant body and merges into the Primordial Ground. [LLB 2002]

pratītyasamutpāda

dependent arising, dependent origination, interdependence, interdependent origination

interdépendance*, production interdépendante, production dépendante*, connexions favorables*

originação dependente, interdependência causal, interdependente

interdipendenza, produzione interdipendente, rapporto di reciproca dipendenza

coincidencia auspiciosa, surgimiento dependiente

see rten 'brel bcu gnyis [TPQ, 2010]

five poisons

cinq poisons*

cinco venenos

cinque veleni

cinco venenos

The five negative emotions: 1) bewilderment, gti mug, Skt. moha (AT: ignorance, confusion), 2) attachment, 'dod chags, rāga (AT: desire), 3) aversion, zhe sdang, dveṣa (including hatred, anger, etc.), 4) jealousy, phra dog, īrsyā, and 5) pride, nga rgyal, māna. The five afflictive emotions of bewilderment, attachment, hatred, pride, and jealousy. [TLWF, 2011] The five principal afflictive emotions: (1) bewilderment, ignorance, or confusion (Tib. gti mug), (2) attachment or desire (Tib. ’dod chags), (3) aversion, hatred, or anger (Tib. zhe sdang), (4) jealousy (Tib. phra dog), and (5) pride (Tib. nga rgyal). [ZT, 2006] The five defilements of bewilderment, attachment, aversion, pride, and jealousy.[NS]

śāntarakṣita

Śāntarakṣita, Khenpo Bodhisattva

Shantarakshita, Bodhisattva (l'abbé)

Śāntarakṣita, Khenpo Bodhisattva

Śāntarakṣita

Śāntarakṣita, Khenpo Bodhisattva

Also called the Bodhisattva Abbot. This great Indian paṇḍita of the Mahāyāna school was abbot of the Buddhist university of Nālanda and author of a number of philosophical commentaries, such as the Ornament of the Middle Way (dbu ma rgyan, Skt. Madhyamakālankāra-karika). He was invited to Tibet by King Trisong Detsen to consecrate the site of the first Tibetan monastery at Samye and ordained the first Tibetan monks. [WOMPT, 1998] Also called the Bodhisattva Abbot. A great Indian pandita of the Mahayana School who was abbot of the Buddhist university of Nalanda and author of a number of philosophical commentaries, such as the Adornment of the Middle Way (dbu ma rgyan, Skt. Madhyamakalankara). He was invited to Tibet by King Trisong Detsen to consecrate the site of the first Tibetan monastery at Samye and to ordain the first Tibetan monks. [ZT, 2006] Also known as Khenpo Bodhisattva. Associated with the monastic university of Nālanda, Śāntarakṣita was the great exponent of the upper school of the Yogācāra Svātantrika Madhyamaka. He visited Tibet in the eighth century at the invitation of King Trisong Detsen and ordained the first seven Tibetan monks. He was thus the source of the so-called smad 'dul, the Lowland or Eastern lineage of monastic ordination followed by Nyingmapas and many Gelugpas. Among the previous Indian holders of the lineage of Śāntarakṣita were Śāriputra, Rāhula (sgra gcan 'azin, another name for Saraha), and Nāgārjuna. It was at the suggestion of Śāntarakṣita that the king invited Guru Rinpoche to Tibet. [TPQ, 2010] Also traditionally referred to as Khenpo Bodhisattva, the Bodhisattva Abbot. A great Indian master of Mahayana Buddhism, abbot of the university of Nalanda, invited to Tibet by King Trisong Detsen [LLB, 2002] Also known as Khenpo Bodhisattva. Associated with the monastic university of Nalanda, Shantarakshita was the great exponent of the Yogachara- Svatantrika-Madhyamika school. He visited Tibet in the eighth century at the invitation of King Trisong Detsen and ordained the first seven Tibetan monks. It was at the suggestion of Shantarakshita that the king invited Guru Rinpoche to Tibet.. [CMH, 2001] Also known as Khenpo Bodhisattva. Associated with the monastic university of Nalanda, Shantarakshita was the great exponent of the upper school of the Yogachara Svatantrika Madhyamika. He visited Tibet in the eighth century at the invitation of King Trisong Detsen and ordained the first seven Tibetan monks. He was thus the source of the so-called smad 'dul, the Lowland or Eastern lineage of monastic ordination followed by Nyingmapas and many Gelugpas. Among the previous Indian holders of the lineage of Shantarakshita were Shariputra, Rahula (sgra gcan 'dzin, another name for Saraha), and Nagarjuna. It was at the suggestion of Shantarakshita that the king invited Guru Rinpoche to Tibet. [TPQ, 2010]

adhyavasāya, *adhyavasāya-viṣaya

conceived object

objet conçu

objeto concebido

A technical term in Buddhist logic, used to refer to objects of the conceptual consciousness that identifies and names things. It thus refers to sense objects as apprehended by this consciousness, but also to imaginary objects that are mistakenly assumed to exist (e.g., the "self "). [TPQ, 2010] A technical term in Buddhist logic, used to refer to objects of the conceptual mental consciousness th at identifies and names things. It refers to sense objects as apprehended by this consciousness, but also to objects wrongly assumed to exist (e.g., the self). [IMW 2004]

brahmāloka

Monde de Brahmā

-

regno di Brahmā

Mundo de Brahmā

opacité mentale*, opaque*

-

bhavāgra

peak of existence, summit of existence, pinnacle of existence, the pinnacle of cyclic existence

Cime du Devenir, Cime de l'Existence (ou du Devenir)

Cume da existência

la punta dell'esistenza, la cuspide dell'esistenza, il più elevato dei livelli dell'esistenza, la più elevata esistenza

cumbre de la existencia, cúspide de la existencia cíclica

The highest level in the formless realm and thus the summit of all possible states in the dimension of samsaric existence. [IMW, 2004] The highest level in the formless realm and thus the summit of all possible states in the dimension of wordly experience. [TPQ, 2010]

bannissement et adoption*, rejet et adoption*

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Nyingtik

Essence du coeur

Nyingthik, A Quintessência

The innermost teachings of the pith-instruction section of Dzogpa Chenpo, or Great Perfection. [LLB, 2002] These are the most profound teachings of the Nyingmapa school, belonging to the innermost cycle of the secret section of the pith instruction class of the atiyoga. They were brought to Tibet by Guru Padmasambhava and Vimalamitra. [CMH, 2001]

doṣa

défauts*, faute*, problème*, faille*

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pecca, difetto, menda

praśrabdhi, pratipraśrabdhi, praśrabdha, praśrabhya , uttapta-hāṭaka, pramṛṣṭa

parfaite souplesse*, malléabilité, souplesse*, flexibilité (physique et mentale)*, maniabilité, maniabilité / souplese*

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jñeyāvaraṇa

cognitive obscurations, conceptual / cognitive obscurations, obscurations veiling knowledge, obscurations to knowledge

voile cognitif, voile à l’omniscience* , voile à la connaissance*, voile du connaissable*

obscurecimentos cognitivos, véus cognitivos

oscuramenti o veli cognitivi

oscurecimientos o velos cognitivos

Dualistic thought processes that apprehend subject, object, and action as being truly existent and that thus act as obstructions to the mind's omniscience. [IMW, 2004] "These are the concepts of subject, object and action, which prevent one from attaining omniscience." DICT. [WOMPT, 1998] [ZT, 2006] Dualistic thought processes that apprehend subject, object, and action as being truly existent and which thus act as obstructions to the mind's omniscience. [TPQ, 2010]

prajñājñānābhiṣekha , prajñābhiṣeka

wisdom empowerment, wisdom-knowledge empowerment, third empowerment

Initiation de la connaissance, initiation de sagesse primordiale par le discernement*

iniciação da sabedoria

iniziazione della suprema conoscenza

iniciación de la sabiduría

The third empowerment "that purifies the defilements of the mind, enables one to meditate on the perfection phase and sows the seed for obtaining the vajra mind and the dharmakaya." DICT. [WOMPT, 1998]

one pointed

concentration en un point, concentration parfaite, attention unifiée/focalisée en un point*; attention exclusive*

focado, unifocal

concentración en un punto, concentración enfocada en un punto

pṛiṣṭhalabdha , pṛṣṭha­labdha­jñāna

obtention consécutive*, post méditation, obtention subsequente*, Résultant (état, connaissance, sagesse), postabsorption*, regain*

pós-meditação

King, Subject and Friend

Roi (le), le Sujet et l'Amie

Rei, Súbdito e Companheira

Re, Suddito e Compagna

Rey, Súbdito y Compañera

King Trisong Detsen, the great translator Vairotsana and the ḍākinī Yeshe Tsogyal. [WOMPT, 1998]

ratnachattra

precious canopy

Précieuse ombrelle

precious canopy

prezioso ombrellino

preciosa sombrilla

One of the eight auspicious signs, it corresponds to the Buddha's head and symbolizes protection from negative actions. [WOMPT, 1998]

catvāro varṇāḥ

four families, four buddha families

quatro famílias, quatro famílias búdicas

The three buddha families plus one family combining the Action (karma) and Jewel (ratna) families.

four castes

quatre castes

quatro castas

The traditional class distinctions of Indian society associated with different psychological types and the kind of work or social function deemed appropriate to them. Over the centuries the caste system developed and is now extremely complex. Buddhist texts refer only to the original fourfold system and repudiate it in the sense of rejecting the idea, still current in Indian society, that such distinctions are immutable and are dictated by the circumstances of birth. The four types or classes are the royal or ruling class (kshatriya, rgyal rigs), the priestly class (brahmin, bram ze rigs), the merchant class (vaishya, rje 'u rigs), and the menial class (shudra, dmangs rigs). [TPQ, 2010] The traditional class distinctions of Indian society associated with different psychological types and the kind of work or social function deemed appropriate to them. Over the centuries the caste system developed and is now extremely complex. Buddhist texts refer only to the original fourfold system and repudiate it in the sense of rejecting the idea, still current in Indian society, that such distinctions are immutable and are dictated by the circumstances of birth. The four types or classes are the royal or ruling class (kshatriya, rgyal rigs), the priestly class (brahmin, bram ze rigs), the merchant class (vaishya, rje 'u rigs), and the menial class (shudra, dmangs rigs). [TPQ, 2010]

Gemang Rinpoche

Gyalsè Shenphen Thayè

Gemang Rinpoche, Gyelse Shenphen Thaye

Refers to Gyelse Shenphen Thaye (18oo- ?), a holder of the Longchen Nyingtik lineage and contemporary of Patrul Rinpoche. [GWPT 2004]

Posture royale

posizione reale

postura real

présence d'esprit naturellement consciente*, conscience naturellement présente (car dénuée de toute identité qui apparaît, demeure et cesse de façon absolue)*

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lakṣaṇasiddha

existence according to characteristics

existence des choses en vertu de leurs caractères propres*

existência de acordo com as características

A term coined by the Sautrantika-Svatantrikas to refer to phenomena considered as conventionally existent by virtue of their defining properties and functional efficiency. [IMW 2004]

Padma Thöthrengtsel, Padma Totrengtsal

Padma Thöthrengtsal

Padma Thötrengtsal

Padma Totrengtsal

lit. “Padma garlanded with skulls.” One of the names of Padmasambhava. [TLWF 2011] Lit., Mighty Lotus Garlanded with Skulls. A name of Guru Padmasambhava. [LLB 2002]

lotuseraie

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repos*, détente*, aise*

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vāgviveka

isolement de la parole

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intérieur*, interne*

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ākāśagarbha

Namkhai Nyingpo

Namkhai Nyingpo

One of the foremost disciples of Guru Padmasambhava. A great translator, monk, and siddha of the Nub clan whose main seat was Lhodrak Kharchu. [LLB 2002]

ākāśagarbha

Akashagarbha

Ākāśagarbha

One of the Eight Great Close Sons. [TLWF 2011]

darśana­mārga

path of seeing

voie de la vision, voie de vision

via da visão ou caminho da visão

cammino della visione

camino de la visión

The third of the five paths, according to the Bodhisattva vehicle. It is called this because on it one really sees the two kinds of absence of 'self' (i.e. of true, independent existence), that of the individual and that of phenomena. [WOMPT, 1998] The third of the five paths, the stage at which a Bodhisattva in meditation gains a genuine experience of emptiness and attains the first of the ten bodhisattva levels. [TLWF, 2011] [ZT, 2006][OMS, 2018][NS]

maudgalyāyana

Maudgalyāyana, Maudgalyaputra.

Maudgalyāyana, Maudgalyayaniputra

Maudgalyāyana

Maudgalyāyana

Maudgalyāyana

One of the two foremost śrāvaka disciples of Śākyamuni Buddha. He was said to be the one who had the greatest miraculous powers. [WOMPT, 1998] One of the two most important disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni belonging to the śrāvaka sangha (the other being Śāriputra). Maudgalyaputra was endowed with many magical powers. In traditional representations of Buddha Śākyamuni, he and Śāriputra are often depicted standing to right and left of the Master. [TPQ, 2010]

samatājñāna

wisdom of equality

sagesse de l'égalité, sagesses primordiales de l’égalité*

sabedoria da igualidade

sabiduría de la igualdad

anuvyañjanam

signe manifeste*, perception probante*, preuve évidente*

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abhisaṃbodhi

fivefold manifest enlightenment, five aspects of true enlightenment, five awakenings, five masteries , five familiarizations

la quintuple et véritable perfection/ le quintuple Réveil, éveils manifestes*

cinco aspetos da verdadeira iluminação

cinco aspectos de la verdadera iluminación

aśaikṣa

au-delà de l'apprentissage, non-apprentissage*

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sahā / saha / sahāloka

Sahā realm, world of patient endurance, the suffering universe, the unbearable world

Saha, Endurance (monde d'~)

Sahā (mundo de), "o mundo da resignação", "o mundo pacientemente suportável"

Universo della Sopportazione

Saha (mundo de), "el mundo difícil de soportar"

Our universe, which is the Buddhafield of Buddha Shakyamuni. [TLWF 2011] The world of no fear, our universe, which is the buddhafield of Buddha Shakyamuni. [GWPT 2004] The realm of no fear, so called because beings are not afraid of the three poisons. The Sahā realm is our universe, which is the buddha-field of Buddha Shākyamuni.[NS]

āniñjyaṃ karma

unwavering action

acte inamovible, karma inamovible

atividade inabalável

A positive action, such as a profound state of meditation devoid of the motivation of bodhichitta. The characteristic feature of this kind of action is that it invariably produces rebirth in the form or formless realms of saṃsāra. Other actions lack this unwavering or invariable quality in the sense that, depending on circumstances, their result may ripen in a realm different from the one normally to be expected. [TPQ, 2010]

daśākuśala, dasākusalāni

ten negative actions

dix actes négatifs

dez atos negativos

The physical acts of killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct; the verbal acts of lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, and meaningless chatter; and the mental acts of covetousness, malice, and wrong view.[OMS, 2018]

pūjā

offering, worship, veneration, pūjā

offrande*

pūjā (o), oferenda, veneração, reverência

pūjā, ofrenda, veneración, reverencia

Mandala en sept points

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Mandala de los siete elementos

sāṃṃitīyā (bhsd) , saṃṃitīyā

Sammitiya

Saṃmitīyas (« Ceux que beaucoup vénèrent)*

Sāṃṃitīyā

The followers of Sammita. This Hinayana group (of which no original writings have survived) seems to have been large and, to judge by the Tibetan name ("honored by many"), prestigious. It is di­vided into three subgroups or lineages: (1) Kaurukullaka (sa sgron ril gnas pa'i sde); (2) Avantava (rung ba pa'i sde); and (3) Vatsiputriya (gnas ma bu ba'i sde) . [IMW 2004]

naisargika

unfabricated, uncontrived

simplicité naturelle de l'esprit, ne rien fabriquer ni réparer, sans contrainte*, non corrigé*; dénué d'artifice*, non fabriqué*, sans artifice*, Inaltéré, non-fabrication*, non artificiel*

não fabricado, não adulterado

inalterato/a

inalterado/a

Left in its original state, without manipulations or fabrications. [WOMPT, 1998]

devadatta

don divin*

don divino

devadatta

Devadatta

Devadatta,

Devadatta

Devadatta

Devadatta

A cousin of the Buddha, whose jealousy prevented him from deriving any benefit from the teachings. [WOMPT] A cousin of the Buddha, whose jealousy prevented him from deriving any benefit from the teachings. [TLWF 2011]