Termo
Tibetano:
ཐེག་དམན, ཐེག་པ་ཆུང, ཐེག་པ་དམན་པ
theg dman, theg pa chung, theg pa dman pa
veículo pequeno
Atenção: provisório – em revisão
Sânscrito:
हीनयान, निहीनयान
hīnayāna, nihīna-yāna
veículo menor
Português:
hīnayāna, veículo base
O sistema fundamental de pensamento e prática budista que deriva do primeiro girar da roda do Dharma, centrado nos ensinamentos das quatro nobres verdades e nos doze elos de originação dependente. Frequentemente chamado de Śrāvakayāna, o veículo dos śrāvakas, o seu objetivo é a libertação individual e a obtenção do nível de arhat – daí o nome “Hīnayāna”, isto é, “pequeno veículo”, em contraste com a atitude universal da mente-da-iluminação do Mahāyāna. De acordo com a perspetiva budista tibetana, o Hīnayāna é a base e alicerce de todos os ensinamentos do Buda. Das várias escolas desta tradição que existiram na Índia apenas uma, a Theravāda, floresce até aos dias de hoje, e é seguida, predominantemente, nos países do sudeste asiático. [STLX]
Inglês:
hīnayāna, basic vehicle, lesser vehicle, fundamental vehicle
Lit. “lesser vehicle” (in relation to the Mahayana or Great Vehicle): the vehicle of the Listeners and
Solitary Realizers that leads to the state of Arhat. [TLWF, 2011][NS]
The fundamental system of Buddhist thought and practice deriving from the first turning of the wheel of Dharma and centering around the teachings on the four noble truths and the twelvefold chain of dependent arising. In situations where it might be understood in a pejorative sense, Hīnayāna (small or low vehicle) is often avoided in favour of Śrāvakayāna (the vehicle of the śrāvakas or hearers). It should in any case be noted that in Tibetan Buddhism, the Hīnayāna is regarded as an intrinsic part, indeed the foundation, of the teachings and is not disparaged, even though the narrowly "hīnayāna motivation," of aiming solely for one's own liberation (as contrasted with the universal attitude of bodhichitta), is considered incomplete and insufficient. Altogether there were eighteen hīnayāna schools, of which only one, the Theravada, still exists today, existing mainly in the countries of south Asia. [TPQ, 2010]
(lit. "lesser vehicle," in relation to the Mahayana or Great Vehicle), the vehicle of the Shravakas and Pratyekabuddhas. / the Hinayana or Basic Vehicle. [GWPT, 2004] [ZT, 2006]
The fundamental system of Buddhist thought and practice deriving from the first turning of the wheel of Dharma and centering around the teachings on the four noble truths and the twelvefold chain of dependent arising. It should be noted that in Tibetan Buddhism, the Hinayana is regarded as an intrinsic part, indeed the foundation, of the teachings and is not disparaged, even though the characteristically Hinayana motivation of aiming solely for one's own liberation (as contrasted with the universal attitude of bodhichitta), is considered incomplete and insufficient. Altogether there were eighteen Hinayana schools, of which only one, the Theravada still exists today, mainly in the countries ofSouth Asia. [CMH, 2001]
The practitioners of Dharma are identified as belonging to two different sets of teaching or "vehicles", according to the nature of their aspirations. These are known as the Hinayana, or Root Vehicle, and the Mahayana, or Great Vehicle. The Root Vehicle is subdivided into the way of the Hearers (or Shravakas), disciples of the Buddha, and the way of those who seek enlightenment relying only on themselves, or Pratyekabuddhas. The goal of the Shravaka and Pratyekabuddha paths is nirvana, conceived of as definitive liberation from the sufferings of samsara. The Great Vehicle is that of the Bodhisattvas, those who, while accepting the validity and efficacy of the other vehicle, aspire to the full enlightenment of Buddhahood for the sake of all beings. The term Hinayana is frequently taken to be pejorative and for that reason is often avoided. Numerous masters, e.g., His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Nyanaponika Mahathera, suggest that "Shravakayana" be used instead, even though, at least here, the category is understood to include the Pratyekabuddhas as well. [TEPTE, 1996]
The basic vehicle comprising the vehicles of the listeners and solitary realizers, whose ultimate result is the state of arhat. It is termed “lesser” or “lower” in comparison to the Great Vehicle.
liberation, Tib. thar pa. Freedom from saṃsāra, either as an arhat or as a buddha. [OMS, 2018]
See Basic Vehicle.[NS]
Espanhol:
hīnayāna, vehículo básico
El sistema fundamental de pensamiento y práctica budista que se deriva del primer giro de la rueda del Dharma, centrado en las enseñanzas de las cuatro nobles verdades y en los doce vínculos de originación dependiente. A menudo llamado Śrāvakayāna, el vehículo de los śrāvakas, su objetivo es la liberación individual y el logro del nivel de arhat. El nombre de "Hīnayāna", lit. "pequeño vehículo", contrasta con la actitud universal de la mente de la iluminación del Mahāyāna. Según la perspectiva budista tibetana, el Hīnayāna es la base y el fundamento de todas las enseñanzas de Buda. De las varias escuelas de esta tradición que existieron en la India, solo perdura una, la Theravāda, y es seguida predominantemente en los países del sudeste asiático.
Francês:
Petit Véhicule, Véhicule Élémentaire*, Hinayana*, Véhicule Fondamental, Véhicule Inférieur
aussi appelé Theravada (la parole des anciens) : l'une des deux (l'autre étant le Petit Véhicule)
ou trois (si l'on ajoute le Véhicule des Tantras) grandes voies, ou véhicules, du bouddhisme. Il correspond à l'enseignement initial du Bouddha. On le qualifie de « petit » par rapport au Grand Véhicule, car il s'adresse à ceux qui œuvrent surtout à leur propre libération. [POL, 1999]
système fondamental de la pensée et de la pratique bouddhistes, ayant pour origine la première mise en mouvement de la roue du Dharma, et centré sur les enseignements des Quatre Nobles Vérités et des douze éléments de la production interdépendante. On notera que dans le bouddhisme tibétain, le Véhicule Fondamental (parfois appelé « Petit Véhicule ») est intégré à part entière dans les enseignements car il en représente le fondement ; il n’y est pas déprécié non plus, même si sa motivation caractéristique, qui consiste à n’avoir pour but que sa propre libération (contrairement à l’attitude universelle de l’esprit d’Eveil) semble incomplète et insuffisante. On compta jusqu’à dix-huit écoles particulières à ce véhicule ; de nos jours, il n’en reste qu’une, le Theravada, pratiqué surtout dans les pays de l’Asie du Sud. [PIE, 2002]
« Petit Véhicule » de ceux qui n’aspirent qu’à s’extraire du samsâra en tant que contraire absolu du nirvâna. « Fondamental » parce qu’il forme l’assise et le point de départ de toutes les pratiques. [PA, 2008]
système fondamental de la pensée et de la pratique bouddhistes issu du premier cycle des enseignements du Bouddha, axé sur les quatre vérités des êtres sublimes et les douze facteurs de la production interdépendante. Traductions euphémiques : Véhicule Fondamental ou Élémentaire. [?]
Souvent appelé « Petit Véhicule » dans les textes du « Grand Véhicule ». L'expression « Véhicule Fondamental » (plutôt qu'« Élémentaire », pour l'anglais basic) serait plus juste à de nombreux points de vue. [TDPQ, 2009]
*CC [RL, 2010][G-T]
Italiano:
hīnayāna, veicolo di base
Il veicolo di base si fonda sul disgusto per il saṃsāra e il desiderio di conseguire la liberazione per porre fine alla propria sofferenza; raggruppa lo Śrāvakayāna, o veicolo degli uditori, e il Pratyekabuddhayāna, o veicolo dei buddha-da-sé.